{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T05:50:52Z","timestamp":1777441852149,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,25]],"date-time":"2013-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to estimate the scale of illegal file\u2010sharing activity across ten countries and to correlate this activity with country revenues. The work aims to elucidate an under\u2010explored business model challenge which exists in parallel with a music piracy challenge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study data are drawn from a number of sources, including a data set of a survey of more than 44,000 consumers in ten different countries undertaken in 2010. Following analysis, all findings are validated by a panel of industry experts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results show that non\u2010legitimate file\u2010sharing activity is a heterogeneous issue across countries. The scale of activity varies from 14 per cent in Germany to 44 per cent in Spain, with an average of 28 per cent. File\u2010sharing activity negatively correlates to music industry revenue per capita. This research finds many consumers are not engaging with online business models. Almost one fourth of the population claim that they do not consume digital music in either legal or illegal forms. This phenomenon is also negatively correlated with sales per capita.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results support the need for policy makers to introduce strong intellectual property rights (IPR) regulation which reduces file\u2010sharing activity. The work also identifies a large percentage of non\u2010participants in the digital market who may be re\u2010engaged with music through business model innovation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This research presents a map of the current file\u2010sharing activity in ten countries using a rich and unique dataset. The work identifies that a country's legal origin correlates to data on file\u2010sharing activity, with countries from a German legal origin illegally file sharing least. Approximately, half of the survey respondents chose not to answer the question related to file\u2010sharing activity. Different estimates of the true scale of file\u2010sharing activity are given based upon three different assumptions of the file sharing activity of non\u2010respondents to this question. The challenge of engaging consumers in the digital market through different business models is discussed in light of digital music's high velocity environment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/02635571311289638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,25]],"date-time":"2013-03-25T10:34:31Z","timestamp":1364207671000},"page":"4-22","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Music business models and piracy"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Oscar F.","family":"Bustinza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ferran","family":"Vendrell\u2010Herrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Glenn","family":"Parry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Myrthianos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022021819585147600_b1","unstructured":"Adermon, A. and Liang, C.Y. (2010), \u201cPiracy, music, and movies: a natural experiment\u201d, Working Paper No. 2010: 13, Uppsala Center for Fiscal Studies, Svealand."},{"key":"key2022021819585147600_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baden\u2010Fuller, C. and Morgan, M.S. (2010), \u201cBusiness models as models\u201d, Long Range Planning, Vol. 43 No. 2, pp. 156\u201071.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2010.02.005"},{"key":"key2022021819585147600_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balocco, R., Perego, A. and Perotti, S. (2010), \u201cB2b eMarketplaces: a classification framework to analyse business models and critical success factors\u201d, Industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol. 110 No. 8, pp. 1117\u201037.","DOI":"10.1108\/02635571011077799"},{"key":"key2022021819585147600_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhattacharjee, S., Gopal, R.D., Lertwachara, K. and Marsden, J.R. 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