{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:54:09Z","timestamp":1754157249893,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,17]],"date-time":"2007-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1176768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this research is to propose an evaluation framework for analyzing learning objects usage, with the aim of extracting useful information for improving the quality of the metadata used to describe the learning objects, but also for personalization purposes, including user models and adaptive itineraries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper presents experimental results from the log usage analysis during one academic semester of two different subjects, 350 students. The experiment examines raw server log data generated from the interactions of the students with the classroom learning objects, in order to find relevant information that can be used to improve the metadata used for describing both the learning objects and the learning process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preliminary studies have been carried out in order to obtain an initial picture of the interactions between learners and the virtual campus, including both services and resources usage. These studies try to establish relationships between user profiles and their information and navigational behavior in the virtual campus, with the aim of promoting personalization and improving the understanding of what learning in virtual environments means.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the formal learning process, students use learning resources from the virtual classroom provided by the academic library, but they also seek information outside the virtual campus. All these usage data are not considered in the model proposed here. Further research is needed in order to obtain a complete view of the seeking information behavior of students for improving the users' profile and creating better personalized services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper suggests how a selection of fields used in the LOM standard could be used for enriching the description of learning objects, automatically in some cases, from the learning objects usage performed by an academic community.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>From libraries beginnings, they have been a \u201cquiet storage place\u201d. With the development of digital libraries, they become a meeting place where explicit and implicit recommendations about information sources can be shared among users. Social and learning process interactions, therefore, can be considered another knowledge source.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/02640470710741296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,5]],"date-time":"2007-04-05T09:06:27Z","timestamp":1175763987000},"page":"148-165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Enriching e\u2010learning metadata through digital library usage analysis"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"N\u00faria","family":"Ferran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jaume","family":"Casades\u00fas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Krakowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Juli\u00e0","family":"Minguill\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"unstructured":"ADL (2004), Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) 2004, 3rd ed., available at: www.adlnet.gov\/downloads\/300.cfm (accessed 8 November 2006).","key":"key2022020419445138800_b1"},{"unstructured":"Bologna Declaration (1999), The European Higher Education Area. Joint Declaration of the European Ministers of Education, convened in Bologna, 19 June.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carb\u00f3, J.M., Mor, E. and Minguill\u00f3n, J. (2005), \u201cUser navigational behavior in e\u2010learning virtual environments\u201d, Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE\/WIC\/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence, pp. 243\u20109.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b3","DOI":"10.1109\/WI.2005.155"},{"unstructured":"Coombs, P.H. and Ahmed, M. (1974), Attacking Rural Poverty: How Non\u2010formal Education Can Help, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b33"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferran, N., Mor, E. and Minguill\u00f3n, J. (2005), \u201cTowards personalization in digital libraries through ontologies\u201d, Library Management Journal, Vol. 25 Nos 4\/5, pp. 206\u201017.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b4","DOI":"10.1108\/01435120510596062"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foster\u2010Jones, J. and Beazleigh, H. (2002), \u201cMetadata in the changing learning environment: developing skills to achieve the blue skies\u201d, Association for Learning Technology Journal, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 52\u20109.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b5","DOI":"10.3402\/rlt.v10i1.11301"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fourie, I. (2006), \u201cLearning from web information seeking studies: some suggestions for LIS practioners\u201d, The Electronic Library, Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 20\u201037.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b6","DOI":"10.1108\/02640470610649227"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox, E.A. and Shalini, U.R. (2002), \u201cDigital libraries\u201d, Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, Vol. 36 No. 1, pp. 502\u201089.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b7","DOI":"10.1002\/aris.1440360113"},{"unstructured":"Friesen, N. (2002), \u201cSemantic interoperability, communities of practice and the Cancore learning object metadata profile\u201d, Alternative Paper Tracks, Proceedings of the 11th World Wide Web Conference (WWW 2002), Hawaii.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b8"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gemmel, J., Lueder, R. and Bell, G. (2003), \u201cThe MyLifeBits lifetime store (demo description)\u201d, ACM Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on the World Wide Web, Hong Kong, pp. 1\u20107, available at: http:\/\/research.microsoft.com\/\u223cjgemmell\/pubs\/ETP2003.pdf (accessed 1 November 2006).","key":"key2022020419445138800_b9","DOI":"10.1145\/982484.982500"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herlocker, J.L., Konstan, J.A., Terveen, L.G. and Riedl, J.T. (2004), \u201cEvaluating collaborative filtering recommender systems\u201d, ACM Transactions on Information Systems, Vol. 22 No. 1, pp. 5\u201053.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b10","DOI":"10.1145\/963770.963772"},{"unstructured":"IMS LD (2003), IMS Learning Design Specification, available at: www.imsglobal.org\/learningdesign\/ (accessed 15 November 2006).","key":"key2022020419445138800_b11"},{"unstructured":"IMS LIP (2005), IMS Learner Information Package Summary of Changes, available at: www.imsglobal.org\/profiles\/lipv1p0p1\/imslip_sumcv1p0p1.html (accessed 1 July 2006).","key":"key2022020419445138800_b12"},{"unstructured":"Kasanoff, B. (2001), Making It Personal: How to Profit from Personalization without Invading Privacy, Perseus Books Group, Cambridge.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b13"},{"unstructured":"Landoni, M. and Diaz, P. (2003), \u201cE\u2010education: design and evaluation for teaching and learning\u201d, Journal of Digital Information, Vol. 39 No. 4, available at: http:\/\/jodi.ecs.soton.ac.uk\/Articles\/v03\/i04\/editorial\/ (accessed 7 November 2006).","key":"key2022020419445138800_b14"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, G.G. and Lin, H. (2005), \u201cCustomer perceptions of e\u2010service quality in online shopping\u201d, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 161\u201076.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b15","DOI":"10.1108\/09590550510581485"},{"unstructured":"Limberg, L. (1999), \u201cExperiencing information seeking and learning: a study of the interaction between two phenomena\u201d, Information Research, Vol. 5 No. 1., available at: http:\/\/informationr.net\/ir\/5\u20101\/paper68.html (accessed 1 July 2006).","key":"key2022020419445138800_b16"},{"unstructured":"LOM (2000), LOM (Learning Object Metadata) working draft v4.1, available at: http:\/\/ltsc.ieee.org\/doc\/wg12\/LOMv4.1htm (accessed 1 July 2006).","key":"key2022020419445138800_b17"},{"unstructured":"LOM (2002), Draft Standard for Learning Object Metadata, available at: http:\/\/ltsc.ieee.org\/wg12\/files\/LOM_1484_12_1_v1_Final_Draft.pdf (accessed 7 November 2006).","key":"key2022020419445138800_b18"},{"unstructured":"Lynch, C.A. (2001), \u201cPersonalization and recommender systems in the larger context: new directions and research questions\u201d, keynote paper presented at 2nd DELOS Network of Excellence Workshop on Personalisation and Recommender Systems in Digital Libraries, Dublin, Ireland, June 18\u201020, available at: www.ercim.org\/publication\/ws\u2010proceedings\/DelNoe02\/CliffordLynchAbstract.pdf (accessed 1 July 2006).","key":"key2022020419445138800_b19"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mobasher, B., Dai, H., Luo, T. and Nakagawa, M. (2002), \u201cDiscovery and evaluation of aggregate usage profiles for Web personalization\u201d, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 61\u201082.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b20","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013232803866"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mor, E. and Minguill\u00f3n, J. (2004), \u201cE\u2010learning personalization based on itineraries and long\u2010term navigational behavior\u201d, Proceedings of the 13th International World Wide Web Conference, New York, NY, May 19\u201021, 2004, pp. 264\u20105.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b21","DOI":"10.1145\/1013367.1013427"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neven, F. and Duval, E. (2002), \u201cReusable learning objects: a survey of LOM\u2010based repositories\u201d, Proceedings of the 10th ACM international conference on Multimedia, pp. 291\u20104, available at: www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be\/cwis\/research\/hmdb\/publications\/files\/Lorsurvey.pdf (accessed 1 July 2006).","key":"key2022020419445138800_b22","DOI":"10.1145\/641007.641067"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicholas, D., Huntington, P. and Watkinson, A. (2006), \u201cScholarly journal usage: the results of deep log analysis\u201d, Journal of Documentation, Vol. 61 No. 2, pp. 248\u201080.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b23","DOI":"10.1108\/00220410510585214"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pascual, M., Ferran, N. and Minguill\u00f3n, J. (2006), \u201cIntegration of multimedia content and e\u2010learning resources in a digital library\u201d, Proceedings of the SPIE, Internet Imaging VII, Vol. 6061, pp. g1\u2010g11.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b24","DOI":"10.1117\/12.643236"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Recker, M.M. and Wiley, D.A. (2001), \u201cA non\u2010authoritative educational metadata ontology for filtering and recommending learning objects\u201d, Journal of Interactive Learning Environments, Swets and Zeitlinger, Lisse.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b25","DOI":"10.1076\/ilee.9.3.255.3568"},{"unstructured":"Reicheld, F.F. and Schefter, P. (2000), \u201cE\u2010loyalty: your secret weapon on the web\u201d, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 78 No. 4, pp. 105\u201013.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b34"},{"unstructured":"Rosenberg, M.J. (2001), E\u2010learning: Strategies for Delivering Knowledge in the Digital Age, McGraw Hill, New York, NY.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b35"},{"unstructured":"Sangr\u00e0, A. (2003), \u201cUniversitat Oberta de Catalunya. A newly created institution\u201d, in D'Antoni, S. (Ed.), The Virtual University. Models and Messages. Lessons from Case Studies, International Institute for Educational Planning, Unesco, Paris, available at: www.unesco.org\/iiep\/virtualuniversity\/files\/uoc.pdf (accessed 1 July 2006).","key":"key2022020419445138800_b26"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sicilia, M.A. and Garc\u00eda\u2010Barriocanal, E. (2005), \u201cOn the convergence of formal ontologies and standardized e\u2010learning\u201d, Journal of Distance Education Technologies, Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 12\u201028.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b27","DOI":"10.4018\/jdet.2005040102"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smeaton, A.F. and Callan, J. (2005), \u201cPersonalisation and recommender systems in digital libraries\u201d, International Journal on Digital Libraries, Vol. 5 No. 4, pp. 299\u2010308.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b28","DOI":"10.1007\/s00799-004-0100-1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Towle, B. and Halm, M. (2005), \u201cDesign adaptive learning environments with learning design\u201d, in Koper, R. and Tattersall, C. (Eds), Learning Design. A Handbook on Modeling and Delivering Networked Education and Training, Springer, The Netherlands, pp. 215\u201026.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b29","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-27360-3_12"},{"unstructured":"UOC (2005), User Profile Surveys, internal technical report, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b30"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voss, C. (2003), \u201cRethinking paradigms of service: Service in a virtual environment\u201d, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 23 No. 1, pp. 88\u2010104.","key":"key2022020419445138800_b32","DOI":"10.1108\/01443570310453271"},{"unstructured":"Velterop, J. (2004), \u201cThe myth of \u2018unsustainable\u2019 open access journals\u201d, Nature, available at www.nature.com\/nature\/focus\/accessdebate\/10.html (accessed July 2006).","key":"key2022020419445138800_frg31"}],"container-title":["The Electronic Library"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/02640470710741296","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02640470710741296\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02640470710741296\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:41:55Z","timestamp":1753400515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/el\/article\/25\/2\/148-165\/83961"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Miguel\u2010Angel","family":"Sicilia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,17]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/02640470710741296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/02640470710741296","relation":{},"ISSN":["0264-0473"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0264-0473"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,17]]}}}