{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:58:19Z","timestamp":1754157499485,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,1]],"date-time":"1997-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":865123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The setting of explicit standards against specific criteria is a recognized part of the medical audit cycle, but often in practice it has been neglected, implicit judgements being used instead. The conduct of a study to evaluate audit among physicians in four UK district general hospitals provided an opportunity to encourage the setting of explicit standards and observe the results. The subject chosen for audit by the participating physicians was the extent of use of intravenous thrombolysis in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Standard setting was requested at initial peer review meetings held to review baseline results. This was followed up by a written request to lead consultants and subsequent telephone calls. Two out of the four participating hospitals set technical standards, which excluded patients with contra\u2010indications from the denominator. The other two hospitals set population standards as requested, one with considerable reluctance and scepticism. Each hospital set separate standards for definite AMIs and for probable AMIs. Six out of the eight standards set were achieved in at least one of four audits conducted in each hospital. Time trends were difficult to interpret because of small numbers. The amount of discussion between the lead consultant and colleagues about standards was highly variable, but there was no clear relationship between the process for agreeing standards in a particular hospital and subsequent attainment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1108\/02689239710177819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,28]],"date-time":"2002-07-28T18:46:58Z","timestamp":1027882018000},"page":"190-199","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Does medical audit lead to explicit standards?"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022012420404630700_b1","unstructured":"Cambridge Training and Development (1993, Medical Audit and the Manager: Workbook, NHS Training Directorate, Bristol."},{"key":"key2022012420404630700_b2","unstructured":"Department of Health (1989, \u201cMedical audit\u201d, Working paper no. 6, HMSO, London."},{"key":"key2022012420404630700_b3","unstructured":"Donabedian, A. (1985, \u201cExperiences in quality assessment and monitoring\u201d, Vol. III: The Methods and Findings of Quality Assurance, Health Administration Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan."},{"key":"key2022012420404630700_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donabedian, A. (1989, \u201cThe end results of health care: Ernest Codman\u2019s contribution to quality assessment and beyond\u201d, Milbank Quarterly, Vol. 67, pp. 233\u201056.","DOI":"10.2307\/3350139"},{"key":"key2022012420404630700_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fowkes, F.G.R. (1982, \u201cMedical audit cycle. A review of methods and research in clinical practice\u201d, Medical Education, Vol. 16, pp. 228\u201038.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.1982.tb01254.x"},{"key":"key2022012420404630700_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabbay, J. and Layton, A.J. (1992, \u201cEvaluation of audit of medical in\u2010patient records in a district general hospital\u201d, Quality in Health Care, Vol. 1, pp. 43\u20107.","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.1.1.43"},{"key":"key2022012420404630700_b7","unstructured":"Groves, E.W. (1908, \u201cA plea for a uniform recording of operation results\u201d, British Medical Journal, Vol. 2, pp. 1008\u20109."},{"key":"key2022012420404630700_b8","unstructured":"Joint Centre for Education in Medicine (1993, Making Medical Audit Effective, Joint Centre for Education in Medicine, London."},{"key":"key2022012420404630700_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lembcke, P.A. (1967, \u201cEvolution of medical audit\u201d, Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 199, pp. 111\u20108.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1967.03120080077012"},{"key":"key2022012420404630700_b10","unstructured":"Normand, C. (1993, \u201cComparisons among national health care systems in the European marketplace\u201d, Hospital Formulary, Vol. 28 Suppl. 1, pp. 6\u201011."},{"key":"key2022012420404630700_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, M.B., Thompson, E. and Black, N.A. (1996, \u201cEvaluation of the effectiveness of guidelines, audit and feed: improving the use of intravenous thrombolysis in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction\u201d, International Journal for Quality in Health Care, Vol. 8 No. 3, pp. 211\u201022.","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/8.3.211"},{"key":"key2022012420404630700_b12","unstructured":"Vuori, H.V. (1982, Quality Assurance of Health Services. Concepts and Methodology, WHO Regional Office, Copenhagen (Public Health in Europe no. 16)."},{"key":"key2022012420404630700_b13","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (1985, Targets for Health for ll 2000: Targets in Support of the European Regional Strategy, WHO Regional Office, Copenhagen."}],"container-title":["Journal of Management in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/02689239710177819","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02689239710177819\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02689239710177819\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:58:32Z","timestamp":1753401512000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jhom\/article\/11\/3\/190-199\/240625"}},"subtitle":["Experience with thrombolysis in four UK hospitals"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,1]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/02689239710177819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/02689239710177819","relation":{},"ISSN":["0268-9235"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0268-9235"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,1]]}}}