{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:57:30Z","timestamp":1754157450160,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"7\/8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,14]],"date-time":"2007-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1187049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bateson's model of classifying different types of learning will be analyzed from a logical and technical point of view. While learning 0 has been realized for chess playing computers, learning I turns out today as the basic concept of artificial neural nets (ANN). All models of ANN are basically (non linear) data filters, which is the idea behind simple and behavioristic input\u2010output models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper will discuss technical systems designed on the concept of learning 0 and I and it will demonstrate that these models do not have an environment, i.e. they are non\u2010cognitive and therefore \u201cnon\u2010learning\u201d systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Models based on Bateson's category of Learning II differ fundamentally from Learning 0 and I. They cannot be modeled any longer on the basis of classical (mono\u2010contextural) logics. Technical artifacts which belong to this category have to be able to change their algorithms (behavior) by their own effort. Learning II turns out as a process which cannot be described or modeled on a sequential time axis. Learning II as a process belongs to the category of (parallel interwoven) heterarchical\u2010hierarchical process\u2010structures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>In order to model this kind of process\u2010structures the polycontextural theory has to be used \u2013 a theory which was introduced by the German\u2010American Philosopher and Logician Gotthard G\u00fcnther (1900\u20101984) and has been further developed by Rudolf Kaehr and others.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/03684920710777513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,29]],"date-time":"2007-09-29T07:07:51Z","timestamp":1191049671000},"page":"1000-1011","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["\u201cThe logical categories of learning and communication\u201d: reconsidered from a polycontextural point of view"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Eberhard","family":"von Goldammer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2021010502132979700_b1","unstructured":"Bateson, G. (1972), Steps to an Ecology of Mind, Intertext Books\/International Textboook Company Ltd\/Chandler Publ. Company, London."},{"key":"key2021010502132979700_b2","unstructured":"Bateson, G. (1979), Mind and Nature \u2013 A Necessary Unity, W. Collins Sons and Co. Ltd., Glasgow."},{"key":"key2021010502132979700_b4","unstructured":"G\u00fcnther, G. (1976), \u201cCybernetic ontology and transjunctional operations\u201d, in G\u00fcnther, G. (Ed.), Beitr\u00e4ge zur Grundlegung einer operationsf\u00e4higen Dialektik, Band 1, pp. 249\u2010328, available at: www.vordenker.de."},{"key":"key2021010502132979700_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00fcnther, G. (1979a), \u201cCognition and volition\u201d, in G\u00fcnther, G. (Ed.), Beitr\u00e4ge zur Grundlegung einer operationsf\u00e4higen Dialektik, Band 2, pp. 203\u201040, available at: www.vordenker.de.","DOI":"10.28937\/978-3-7873-2555-9"},{"key":"key2021010502132979700_b6","unstructured":"G\u00fcnther, G. (1979b), \u201cIdentit\u00e4t, Gegenidentit\u00e4t und Negativsprache\u201d, Hegeljahrb\u00fccher, English translation by J. Paul, J. Newbury (2005), pp. 72\u201088, available at: www.vordenker.de."},{"key":"key2021010502132979700_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00fcnther, G. (1980), Beitr\u00e4ge zur Grundlegung einer operationsf\u00e4higen Dialektik, Felix Meiner Verlag, Hamburg, Band 1\u20103.","DOI":"10.28937\/978-3-7873-2554-2"},{"key":"key2021010502132979700_b9","unstructured":"Kaehr, R. (2003), \u201cDerrida's machine\u201d, in Kaehr, R. (Ed.), available at: www.thinkartlab.com\/pkl\/media\/index.htm."},{"key":"key2021010502132979700_b10","unstructured":"Kaehr, R. (2004), \u201cSkizze\u20100.9.5: Strukturation der Interaktivit\u00e4t\u201d, in Kaehr, R. (Ed.), Grundriss einer Theorie der Vermittlung, available at: www.thinkartlab.com\/pkl\/media\/SKIZZE\u20100.9.5\u2010medium.pdf."},{"key":"key2021010502132979700_b7","unstructured":"Kaehr, R. and von Goldammer, E. (1988), \u201cAgain computers and the brain\u201d, Journal of Molecular Electronics, Vol. 4, pp. S31\u20107."},{"key":"key2021010502132979700_b8","unstructured":"Kaehr, R. and von Goldammer, E. (1989), \u201cPoly\u2010contextural modelling of heterarchies in brain functions\u201d, in Cotterill, R.M.J. (Ed.), Models of Brain Functions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 483\u201097, available at: www.vordenker.de."},{"key":"key2021010502132979700_b11","unstructured":"McCulloch, W. St (1945), \u201cA heterarchy of values determined by the topology of neural nets\u201d, Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, Vol. 7, pp. 89\u201093, Reprinted in: McCulloch, W. St (1988), Embodiments of Mind, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, available at: www.vordenker.de."},{"key":"key2021010502132979700_b12","unstructured":"Varela, F. (1979), \u201cPrinciples of biological autonomy\u201d, in Klir, G. (Ed.), General Systems Research,Vol. II, North Holland Publ., Amsterdam, p. 58."},{"key":"key2021010502132979700_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Goldammer, E. and Kaehr, R. (1990), \u201cProblems of autonomy and discontexturality in the theory of living systems\u201d, in Moeller, D.P.F. and Richter, O. (Eds), Analyse dynamischer Systeme in Medizin, Biologie und Oekologie, Informatik\u2010Fachberichte 275, Springer, Berlin, pp. 3\u201012, available at: www.vordenker.de.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-77020-3_1"}],"container-title":["Kybernetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/03684920710777513","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/03684920710777513\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/03684920710777513\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:53:00Z","timestamp":1753401180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/k\/article\/36\/7-8\/1000-1011\/271444"}},"subtitle":["Learning in machines and living systems"],"editor":[{"given":"Monika","family":"Silvia Broecker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,14]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7\/8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/03684920710777513"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/03684920710777513","relation":{},"ISSN":["0368-492X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0368-492X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,14]]}}}