{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:57:39Z","timestamp":1754157459072,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1\/2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,13]],"date-time":"2009-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1234483200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to examine the role and importance of the ideas of Norbert Wiener, the father of cybernetics in the context of the information revolution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analyzes criticisms and objections in some detail and draws conclusions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Shows how Wiener saw the need for an interdisciplinary science.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review paper, originally written in 1994, sketches ideas underlying the origins of cybernetics and outlines the aims of this interdisciplinary science.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/03684920910930853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,22]],"date-time":"2009-02-22T00:04:49Z","timestamp":1235261089000},"page":"20-24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The early years: some comments on the origins and concepts of cybernetics"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Rose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022022020284903200_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apter, M.J. (1966), Cybernetics and Development, Pergamon, Oxford.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-011431-6.50008-2"},{"key":"key2022022020284903200_b5","unstructured":"Crosson, F.J. and Sayre, K.M. (1969), Philosophy and Cybernetics, Simon & Schuster, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022022020284903200_b10","unstructured":"Feigl, H. (1956), \u201cFoundation of science \u2013 the concepts of psychology and psychoanalysis\u201d, in Buck, R.C. (Ed.), Minnesota Studies in Philosophy of Science, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN."},{"key":"key2022022020284903200_b8","unstructured":"George, F.H. (1979), Philosophical Foundations of Cybernetics, Abacus Books, Tunbridge Wells."},{"key":"key2022022020284903200_b6","unstructured":"Klir, J. and Valach, M. (1967), Cybernetic Modelling, Iliffe, London."},{"key":"key2022022020284903200_b12","unstructured":"Oparin, A.I. (1961), Life, Its Nature, Origin and Development, Academic Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022022020284903200_b11","unstructured":"Pask, G. (1961), An Approach to Cybernetics, Hutchinson, London."},{"key":"key2022022020284903200_b4","unstructured":"Rose, J. (Ed.) (1969), Survey of Cybernetics, Iliffe, London."},{"key":"key2022022020284903200_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross Ashby, W. (1956), Introduction to Cybernetics, Chapman & Hall, London.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.5851"},{"key":"key2022022020284903200_b1","unstructured":"Wiener, N. (1948), Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and Machine, Wiley, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022022020284903200_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiener, N. (1964), God and Golem, Inc., Chapman and Hall, London.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3316.001.0001"},{"key":"key2022022020284903200_b3","unstructured":"Wiener, N. (1969), The Human Use of Human Beings, Pergamon, Oxford."}],"container-title":["Kybernetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/03684920910930853","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/03684920910930853\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/03684920910930853\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:53:30Z","timestamp":1753401210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/k\/article\/38\/1-2\/20-24\/268615"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,13]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1\/2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/03684920910930853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/03684920910930853","relation":{},"ISSN":["0368-492X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0368-492X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,13]]}}}