{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:57:42Z","timestamp":1754157462985,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3\/4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,10]],"date-time":"2009-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1239321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to propose the input\u2010occupancy\u2010output analysis for grey situations and to manage the economic systems with missing information. The situation is realistic in practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the decision\u2010making process of an economic system, the managers often get some uncertain data for the missing information. Then, it becomes difficult to analyze the complex system by using the input\u2010occupancy\u2010output analysis. Since the uncertain data are grey numbers, the decision maker can control it by using grey system theory and the input\u2010occupancy\u2010output analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Get the grey direct consumption and occupancy coefficient matrices and the computational formulas of their matrix\u2010covered sets. The grey model of input\u2010occupancy\u2010output analysis and its covered solution are also obtained.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The chaos of the grey statistic data should satisfy a level of accuracy and it is key to get the number\u2010covered set that the true data belongs to.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>A feasible approach to control the economic system that the accurate data are difficult to be obtained.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>Give a new approach to study an economic system by using grey system theory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/03684920910943985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,30]],"date-time":"2009-05-30T07:05:12Z","timestamp":1243667112000},"page":"306-313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The grey input\u2010occupancy\u2010output analysis"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Qiao\u2010Xing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Si\u2010Feng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022012920114443200_b1","unstructured":"Chen, X.K. 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