{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T18:03:27Z","timestamp":1760983407116,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,9]],"date-time":"2010-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1268092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many Web 2.0 services (including Library 2.0 catalogs) make use of folksonomies. The purpose of this paper is to cut off all tags in the long tail of a document\u2010specific tag distribution. The remaining tags at the beginning of a tag distribution are considered power tags and form a new, additional search option in information retrieval systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a theoretical approach the paper discusses document\u2010specific tag distributions (power law and inverse\u2010logistic shape), the development of such distributions (Yule\u2010Simon process and shuffling theory) and introduces search tags (besides the well\u2010known index tags) as a possibility for generating tag distributions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Search tags are compatible with broad and narrow folksonomies and with all knowledge organization systems (e.g. classification systems and thesauri), while index tags are only applicable in broad folksonomies. Based on these findings, the paper presents a sketch of an algorithm for mining and processing power tags in information retrieval systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>This conceptual approach is in need of empirical evaluation in a concrete retrieval system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Power tags are a new search option for retrieval systems to limit the amount of hits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper introduces power tags as a means for enhancing the precision of search results in information retrieval systems that apply folksonomies, e.g. catalogs in Library 2.0 environments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/07378831011026706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,6]],"date-time":"2010-03-06T07:03:03Z","timestamp":1267858983000},"page":"81-93","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["\u201cPower tags\u201d in information retrieval"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Isabella","family":"Peters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wolfgang G.","family":"Stock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agichtein, E., Brill, E. and Dumais, S. (2006), \u201cImproving web search ranking by incorporating user behavior information\u201d, Proceedings of the 29th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 19\u201026.","DOI":"10.1145\/1148170.1148177"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b2","unstructured":"Allen, L. and Winkler, M. (2007), \u201cPennTags: creating and using an academic social bookmarking tool\u201d, Proceedings of the ACRL 13th National Conference, American Library Association, Baltimore, MD."},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baeza\u2010Yates, R. (2005), \u201cApplications of Web query mining\u201d, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, No. 3408, pp. 7\u201022.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-31865-1_2"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baeza\u2010Yates, R. and Tiberi, A. (2008), \u201cThe anatomy of a large query log\u201d, Journal of Physics A \u2013 Mathematical and Theoretical, Vol. 41 No. 22, Art. No. 224002.","DOI":"10.1088\/1751-8113\/41\/22\/224002"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baeza\u2010Yates, R., Hurtado, C. and Mendoza, M. (2007), \u201cImproving search engines by query clustering\u201d, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 58 No. 12, pp. 1793\u2010804.","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20627"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brooks, C.H. and Montanez, N. (2006), \u201cImproved annotation of the blogosphere via autotagging and hierarchical clustering\u201d, Proceedings of the 15th International World Wide Web Conference, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 625\u201032.","DOI":"10.1145\/1135777.1135869"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cattuto, C. (2006), \u201cSemiotic dynamics in online social communities\u201d, European Physical Journal C, Vol. 46, Suppl. 2, pp. 33\u20107.","DOI":"10.1140\/epjcd\/s2006-03-004-4"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cattuto, C., Loreto, V. and Pietronero, L. (2007), \u201cSemiotic dynamics and collaborative tagging\u201d, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 104 No. 5, pp. 1461\u20104.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610487104"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cattuto, C., Loreto, V. and Servedio, V.D.P. (2006), \u201cA Yule\u2010Simon process with memory\u201d, Europhysics Letters, Vol. 76 No. 2, pp. 208\u201014.","DOI":"10.1209\/epl\/i2006-10263-9"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.S. (1989), \u201cAnalysis of Lotka's law: the Simon\u2010Yule approach\u201d, Information Processing & Management, Vol. 25 No. 5, pp. 527\u201044.","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(89)90023-X"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.S., Chong, P.P. and Tong, M.Y. (1994), \u201cThe Simon\u2010Yule approach to bibliometric modeling\u201d, Information Processing & Management, Vol. 30 No. 4, pp. 535\u201056.","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90038-8"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coyle, K. (2007), \u201cThe library catalog in a 2.0 world\u201d, Journal of Academic Librarianship, Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 289\u201091.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acalib.2007.02.003"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dellschaft, K. and Staab, S. (2008), \u201cAn epistemic dynamic model for tagging systems\u201d, Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Hypertext and Hyermedia, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 71\u201080.","DOI":"10.1145\/1379092.1379109"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b13","unstructured":"Dye, J. (2006), \u201cFolksonomy: a game of high\u2010tech (and high\u2010stakes) tag\u201d, E\u2010content, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 38\u201043."},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egghe, L. (2005), Power Laws in the Information Production Process: Lotkaian Informetrics, Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam.","DOI":"10.1108\/S1876-0562(2005)05"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egghe, L. and Rousseau, R. (1995), \u201cGeneralized success\u2010breeds\u2010success principle leading to time\u2010dependent informetric distributions\u201d, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 46 No. 6, pp. 426\u201045.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199507)46:6<426::AID-ASI3>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egghe, L. and Rousseau, R. (1996), \u201cStochastic processes determined by a general success\u2010breeds\u2010success principle\u201d, Mathematical and Computer Modelling, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 93\u2010104.","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-7177(96)00005-2"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b17","unstructured":"Fichter, D. (2006), \u201cIntranet applications for tagging and folksonomies\u201d, Online, Vol. 30 No. 3, pp. 43\u20105."},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fifarek, A. (2008), \u201cThe birth of catalog 2.0: innovated interfaces encore discovery platform\u201d, Library Hi Tech News, Vol. 24 No. 5, pp. 13\u201015.","DOI":"10.1108\/07419050710780353"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furnas, G.W., Fake, C., von Ahn, L., Schachter, J., Golder, S., Fox, K., Davis, M., Marlow, C and Naaman, M. (2006), \u201cWhy do tagging systems work?\u201d, CHI 06 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 36\u20109.","DOI":"10.1145\/1125451.1125462"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golder, S.A. and Huberman, B.A. (2006), \u201cUsage patterns of collaborative tagging systems\u201d, Journal of Information Science, Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 198\u2010208.","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551506062337"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b21","unstructured":"Gordon\u2010Murnane, L. (2006), \u201cSocial bookmarking, folksonomies, and Web 2.0 tools\u201d, Searcher \u2013 The Magazine for Database Professionals, Vol. 14 No. 6, pp. 26\u201038."},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guy, M. and Tonkin, E. (2006), \u201cFolksonomies: tidying up tags?\u201d, D\u2010Lib Magazine, Vol. 12 No. 1.","DOI":"10.1045\/january2006-guy"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halpin, H., Robu, V. and Shepherd, H. (2007), \u201cThe complex dynamics of collaborative tagging\u201d, Proceedings of the 16th Conference on World Wide Web, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 211\u201020.","DOI":"10.1145\/1242572.1242602"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hotho, A., J\u00e4schke, R., Schmitz, C. and Stumme, G. (2006), \u201cInformation retrieval in folksonomies: dearch and ranking\u201d, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, No. 4011, pp. 411\u201026.","DOI":"10.1007\/11762256_31"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b25","unstructured":"Huang, H. (2006), \u201cTag distribution analysis using the power law to evaluate social tagging systems: a case study in the Flickr database\u201d, abstracts of posters from the 17th ASIS&T SIG\/CR Classification Research Workshop, Austin, TX."},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huber, J.C. (1998), \u201cCumulative advantage and success\u2010breeds\u2010success: the value of time pattern analysis\u201d, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 49 No. 5, pp. 471\u20106.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(19980415)49:5<471::AID-ASI8>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b27","unstructured":"J\u00e4schke, R., Krause, B., Hotho, A. and Stumme, G. (2008), \u201cLogsonomy \u2013 a search engine folksonomy\u201d, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, Seattle, WA, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA."},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krause, B., J\u00e4schke, R., Hotho, A. and Stumme, G. (2008), \u201cLogsonomy \u2013 social information retrieval with logdata\u201d, Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 157\u201066.","DOI":"10.1145\/1379092.1379123"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b29","unstructured":"Kroski, E. (2008), Web 2.0 for Librarians and Information Professionals, Neal\u2010Schuman, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lux, M., Granitzer, M. and Kern, R. (2007), \u201cAspects of broad folksonomies\u201d, Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications (DEXA 2007), IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC.","DOI":"10.1109\/DEXA.2007.80"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyons, C. and Tappeiner, E. (2008), \u201cCataloging 2.0: metadata research and initiatives at a community college library\u201d, Journal of Library Metadata, Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 155\u20107.","DOI":"10.1080\/10911360802087358"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b32","unstructured":"Mathes, A. (2004), Folksonomies \u2013 Cooperative Classification and Communication through Shared Metadata, University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Campaign\/Graduate School of Library and Information Science, Urbana, IL."},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b33","unstructured":"Munk, T.B. and Mork, K. (2007), \u201cFolksonomy, the power law and the significance of the least effort\u201d, Knowledge Organization, Vol. 34 No. 1, pp. 16\u201033."},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newman, M.E.J. (2005), \u201cPower laws, Pareto distributions and Zipf's law\u201d, Contemporary Physics, Vol. 46 No. 5, pp. 323\u201051.","DOI":"10.1080\/00107510500052444"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b35","unstructured":"Noruzi, A. (2006), \u201cFolksonomies: (un)controlled vocabulary?\u201d, Knowledge Organization, Vol. 33 No. 4, pp. 199\u2010203."},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olui\u0107\u2010Vukovi\u0107, V. (1997), \u201cBradford's distribution: from the classical bibliometric law to the more general stochastic models\u201d, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 48 No. 9, pp. 833\u201042.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199709)48:9<833::AID-ASI7>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b37","unstructured":"Peters, I. and Stock, W.G. (2007), \u201cFolksonomies and information retrieval\u201d, Proceedings of the 70th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 45, pp. 1510\u201042."},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b38","unstructured":"Peters, I. and Stock, W.G. (2008), \u201cFolksonomies in Wissensrepr\u00e4sentation und Information Retrieval\u201d (\u201cFolksonomies in knowledge representation and information retrieval)\u201d, Information \u2013 Wissenschaft und Praxis, Vol. 59 No. 2, pp. 77\u201090."},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterson, E. (2006), \u201cBeneath the metadata: some philosophical problems with folksonomies\u201d, D\u2010Lib Magazine, Vol. 12 No. 11.","DOI":"10.1045\/november2006-peterson"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b40","unstructured":"Smith, G. (2008), Tagging. People\u2010powered Metadata for the Social Web, New Riders, Berkeley, CA."},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spiteri, L.F. (2006), \u201cThe use of folksonomies in public library catalogues\u201d, The Serials Librarian, Vol. 51 No. 2, pp. 75\u201089.","DOI":"10.1300\/J123v51n02_06"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b42","unstructured":"Spiteri, L.F. (2007), \u201cStructure and form of folksonomy tags: the road to the public library catalogue\u201d, Webology, Vol. 4 No. 2, p. 41."},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stock, W.G. (2006), \u201cOn relevance distributions\u201d, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 57 No. 8, pp. 1126\u20109.","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20359"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b45","unstructured":"Stock, W.G. (2007a), Information Retrieval. Informationen suchen und finden (Information Retrieval. Searching and Finding Information), Oldenbourg, Munich."},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stock, W.G. (2007b), \u201cFolksonomies and science communication. A mash\u2010up of professional science databases and web 2.0 services\u201d, Information Services & Use, Vol. 27 No. 3, pp. 97\u2010103.","DOI":"10.3233\/ISU-2007-27303"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stock, W.G. and Stock, M. (2008), Wissensrepr\u00e4sentation (Knowledge Representation), Oldenbourg, Munich.","DOI":"10.1524\/9783486844900"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b43","unstructured":"Sweda, J. (2006), \u201cUsing social bookmarks in an academic setting: PennTags\u201d, paper presented at the 17th Annual ASIS&T SIG\/CR Classification Research Workshop, Austin, TX."},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tague, J. (1981), \u201cThe success\u2010breeds\u2010success phenomena and bibliometric processes\u201d, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 32 No. 4, pp. 280\u20106.","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630320408"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b49","unstructured":"Toffler, A. (1980), The Third Wave, Morrow, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tonkin, E. (2006), \u201cSearching the long tail: hidden structure in social tagging\u201d, paper presented at the 17th ASIS&T SIG\/CR Classification Research Workshop, Austin, TX.","DOI":"10.7152\/acro.v17i1.12494"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trant, J. (2006), \u201cExploring the potential for social tagging and folksonomy in art museums: proof of concept\u201d, New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 83\u2010105.","DOI":"10.1080\/13614560600802940"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b52","unstructured":"Vander Wal, T. (2005), \u201cExplaining and showing broad and narrow folksonomies\u201d, available at: www.vanderwal.net\/random\/entrysel.php?blog=1635 (accessed April 23, 2008)."},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weaver, M. (2007), \u201cContextual metadata: faceted schemas in virtual library communities\u201d, Library Hi Tech, Vol. 25 No. 4, pp. 579\u201094.","DOI":"10.1108\/07378830710840527"},{"key":"key2022021420033994000_b54","unstructured":"Weller, K. and Peters, I. (2008), \u201cSeeding, weeding, fertilizing \u2013 different tag gardening activities for folksonomy maintenance and enrichment\u201d, Proceedings of I\u2010SEMANTICS 08, Graz, September 3\u20105, 2008, pp. 110\u20107."}],"container-title":["Library Hi Tech"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/07378831011026706","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/07378831011026706\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/07378831011026706\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:33:39Z","timestamp":1753400019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/lht\/article\/28\/1\/81-93\/457619"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,9]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/07378831011026706"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/07378831011026706","relation":{},"ISSN":["0737-8831"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0737-8831"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,9]]}}}