{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T02:55:45Z","timestamp":1778900145517,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]],"date-time":"2005-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1125532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To develop a testable model for girls' career choices in technology fields based on past research and hypotheses about the future of the information technology (IT) workforce.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>Review and assimilation of literature from education, psychology, sociology, computer science, IT, and business in a model that identifies factors that can potentially influence a girl's choice towards or against IT careers. The factors are categorized into social factors (family, peers, and media), structural factors (computer use, teacher\/counselor influence, same sex versus coeducational schools), and individual differences. The impact of culture on these various factors is also explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The model indicates that parents, particularly fathers, are the key influencers of girls' choice of IT careers. Teachers and counselors provide little or no career direction. Hypotheses propose that early access to computers may reduce intimidation with technology and that same\u2010sex education may serve to reduce career bias against IT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>While the model is multidisciplinary, much of research from which it draws is five to eight years old. Patterns of career choices, availability of technology, increased independence of women and girls, offshore\/nearshore outsourcings of IT jobs are just some of the factors that may be insufficiently addressed in this study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>A \u201cRecommendations\u201d section provides some practical steps to increase the involvement of girls in IT\u2010related careers and activities at an early age. The article identifies cultural research as a limitation and ways to address this.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper is an assimilation of literature from diverse fields and provides a testable model for research on gender and IT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/09593840510615860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,15]],"date-time":"2007-01-15T17:58:00Z","timestamp":1168883880000},"page":"230-259","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["Early determinants of women in the IT workforce: a model of girls' career choices"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Monica","family":"Adya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kate M.","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adam, A. (2002), \u201cExploring the gender question in critical information systems\u201d, Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 17 No. 2, pp. 59\u201067.","DOI":"10.1080\/02683960210145959"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adam, A., Howcroft, D. and Richardson, H. (2001), \u201cAbsent friends? The gender dimension in IS research\u201d, in Russo, N.L., Fitzgerald, B. and DeGross, J.I. (Eds), Realigning Research and Practice in IS Development, Kluwer Academic, Boston, MA, pp. 333\u201052.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-35489-7_22"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahuja, M.K. (2002), \u201cWomen in the information technology profession: a literature review, synthesis, and research agenda\u201d, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 20\u201034.","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.ejis.3000417"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ajzen, I. (1985), \u201cFrom intentions to actions: a theory of planned behavior\u201d, in Kuhl, J. and Beckman, J. (Eds), Action\u2010Control: From Cognition to Behavior, Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 11\u201039.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69746-3_2"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b4","unstructured":"Ajzen, I. and Fishbein, M. (1980), Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior, Prentice\u2010Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alderman, H., Behrman, J.R., Ross, D.R. and Sabot, R. (1996), \u201cDecomposing the gender gap in cognitive skills in a poor rural economy\u201d, The Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 31 No. 1, pp. 226\u201054.","DOI":"10.2307\/146049"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b7","unstructured":"American Association of University Women (1990), Shortchanging Girls, Shortchanging America: Full Data Report, American Association of University Women, Washington, DC."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b8","unstructured":"American Association of University Women (1992), The AAUW Report: How Schools Shortchange Girls, American Association of University Women, Washington, DC."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b9","unstructured":"American Association of University Women (1998a), Gender Gaps: Where Dchools Still Fail Our Children, American Association of University Women, Washington, DC."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b10","unstructured":"American Association of University Women (1998b), Separated by Sex \u2013 A Critical Look at Single\u2010Sex Education for Girls, American Association of University Women, Washington, DC."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b11","unstructured":"American Association of University Women (2000), Tech\u2010Savvy: Educating Girls in the New Computer Age, American Association of University Women, Washington, DC."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b12","unstructured":"Baishya, D. (2004), \u201cIndia Inc's hottest geeks are women\u201d, Economic Times, June 25, available at: http:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/articleshow\/753129.cms (accessed September 30, 2004)."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b13","unstructured":"Banks, M., Bates, I., Breakwell, G., Bynner, J., Emler, N., Jameson, L. and Roberts, K. (1995), Careers and Identities, University Press, Philadelphia, PA."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b14","unstructured":"Barltrop, J. (1988), \u201cFrom school to work: choosing and planning a career\u201d, report of the Mount Druitt Longitudinal Study, School of Education, Macquarie University, North Ryde."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beyer, S., Rynes, K., Perrault, J., Hay, K. and Haller, S. (2002), \u201cGender differences in computer science students\u201d, Association for Computing Machinery SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, Cincinnati, OH, pp. 49\u201053.","DOI":"10.1145\/792548.611930"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b16","unstructured":"Beise, C., Myers, M., VanBrackle, L. and Chevli\u2010Saroq, N. (2003), \u201cAn examination of age, race, and sex as predictors of success in the first programming course\u201d, Journal of Informatics Education Research, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 51\u201064."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breakwell, G.M., Fife\u2010Schaw, C. and Devereux, J. (1988), \u201cParental influence and teenagers' motivation to train for technological jobs\u201d, Journal of Occupational Psychology, Vol. 61 No. 1, pp. 79\u201089.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8325.1988.tb00273.x"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouchard, P. and St\u2010Amant, J.C. (2000), \u201cGender identities and school success\u201d, Alberta Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 46 No. 3, pp. 280\u20104.","DOI":"10.55016\/ojs\/ajer.v46i3.54820"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b19","unstructured":"Brecker, H.J. (2000), \u201cAccess to computers in school\u201d, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 43 No. 6, pp. 24\u20105."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brekke, S.E. (1997), \u201cPhysics classes, career choices, and inner\u2010city schools\u201d, The Physics Teacher, Vol. 35 No. 8, p. 512.","DOI":"10.1119\/1.2344784"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brutsaert, H. and Van Houtte, M. (2002), \u201cGirls' and boys' sense of belonging in single\u2010sex versus co\u2010educational schools\u201d, Research in Education, No. 68, pp. 48\u201056.","DOI":"10.7227\/RIE.68.5"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brock, D.B. and Sulsky, L.M. (1994), \u201cAttitudes towards computers: construct validation and relations to computer use\u201d, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 17\u201035.","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030150104"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b23","unstructured":"Brownell, G. (1992), \u201cThe representation of females in computer education text for grades K\u201012\u201d, Journal of Computing in Childhood Education, Vol. 3 No. 1, pp. 43\u201054."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camp, T. (1997), \u201cThe incredible shrinking pipeline\u201d, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 40 No. 10, pp. 103\u201010.","DOI":"10.1145\/262793.262813"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canes, B.J. and Rosen, H.S. (1995), \u201cFollowing in her footsteps? Faculty gender composition and women's choices of college majors\u201d, Industrial & Labor Relations Review, Vol. 48 No. 3, pp. 486\u2010505.","DOI":"10.2307\/2524777"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b26","unstructured":"Clutterbuck, D. and Ragins, B.R. (2002), Mentoring and Diversity: An International Perspective, Butterworth\u2010Heinemann, Oxford."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colley, A.M., Gale, M.T. and Harris, T.A. (1994), \u201cEffects of gender role identity and experience on computer attitude components\u201d, Journal of Educational Computing Research, Vol. 10 No. 2, pp. 129\u201037.","DOI":"10.2190\/8NA7-DAEY-GM8P-EUN5"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comber, C., Colley, A.M. and Hargreaves, D.J. (1997), \u201cThe effects of age, gender and computer experience upon computer attitudes\u201d, Educational Research, Vol. 39 No. 2, pp. 123\u201033.","DOI":"10.1080\/0013188970390201"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Culley, L. (1988), \u201cOption choice and careers guidance: gender and computing in secondary schools\u201d, British Journal of Guidance and Counseling, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 73\u201082.","DOI":"10.1080\/03069888808253541"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b30","unstructured":"D'Agostino, D. (2003), \u201cWhere are all the women IT leaders?\u201d, CIO Insight, October 1, available at: www.eweek.com\/article2\/0,1759,1309599,00.asp (accessed September 30, 2004)."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dambrot, F., Watkins\u2010Malek, M.A., Silling, S., Marshall, R. and Garver, J. (1985), \u201cCorrelates of sex differences in differences in attitudes toward and involvement with computers\u201d, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 71\u201086.","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-8791(85)90053-3"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b32","unstructured":"Danziger, C. (1998), \u201cThe trade\u2010offs of a single\u2010sex school: a parent's quandary\u201d, Independent School, Vol. 57 No. 2, p. 73."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, F.D. (1989), \u201cPerceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology\u201d, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 319\u201040.","DOI":"10.2307\/249008"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dick, T.P. and Rallis, S.F. (1991), \u201cFactors and influences on high school students' career choices\u201d, Journal for Research in Mathematics Education., Vol. 22 No. 4, pp. 281\u201092.","DOI":"10.5951\/jresematheduc.22.4.0281"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Digman, J.M. (1990), \u201cPersonality structure: emergence of the five\u2010factor model\u201d, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 41 No. 1, pp. 417\u201040.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.41.020190.002221"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doornekamp, B.G. (1993), \u201cStudents' valuation of the use of computers in education\u201d, Computers in Education, Vol. 21 Nos 1\/2, pp. 103\u201013.","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-1315(93)90053-L"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dryler, H. (1998), \u201cParental role models, gender, and educational choice\u201d, British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 49 No. 3, pp. 375\u201098.","DOI":"10.2307\/591389"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b38","unstructured":"DuBois, P.A. and Schubert, J.G. (1986), \u201cDo your school policies provide equal access to computers? Are you sure?\u201d, Educational Leadership, Vol. 46 No. 6, p. 41."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durndell, A. and Thomson, K. (1997), \u201cGender and computing: a decade of change?\u201d, Computers and Education, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 1\u20109.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(96)00034-6"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durndell, A., Glissov, P. and Siann, S. (1995), \u201cGender and computing: persisting differences\u201d, Educational Research, Vol. 37 No. 3, pp. 219\u201027.","DOI":"10.1080\/0013188950370301"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eccles, J., Jacobs, J. and Harold, R. (1990), \u201cGender role stereotypes, expectancy effects, and parents' socialization of gender differences\u201d, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 46 No. 2, pp. 183\u2010201.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1990.tb01929.x"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b42","unstructured":"Freeman, P. and Aspray, W. (1999), \u201cThe supply of information technology workers in the United States\u201d, Computing Research Association, Washington, DC, available at: www.cra.org\/reports\/wits\/cra.wits.html (accessed September 30, 2004)."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b43","unstructured":"Friedman, M. (2000), \u201cWomen take to internet while avoiding IT\u201d, Computing Canada, Vol. 26 No. 18, p. 9."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b44","unstructured":"Florida, R. and Gates, G. (2002), \u201cTechnology and tolerance: the importance of diversity of high technology growth\u201d, Survey Series, The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, pp. 1\u201012, available at: www.brook.edu\/dybdocroot\/es\/urban\/techtol.pdf (accessed September 30, 2004)."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francis, B. (2000), \u201cThe gendered subjects: students' subject preferences and discussions of gender and subject ability\u201d, Oxford Review of Education, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp. 35\u201048.","DOI":"10.1080\/030549800103845"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furnham, A. and Farragher, E. (2000), \u201cA cross\u2010cultural content analysis of sex\u2010role stereotyping in television advertisements: a comparison between Great Britain and New Zealand\u201d, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, Vol. 44 No. 3, pp. 415\u201037.","DOI":"10.1207\/s15506878jobem4403_5"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furnham, A. and Mak, T. (1999), \u201cSex role stereotyping in television commercials: a review and comparison of twelve studies done on five continents\u201d, Sex Roles, Vol. 41 Nos 5\/6, pp. 413\u201037.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018826900972"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furnham, A. and Voli, V. (1989), \u201cGender stereotypes in Italian television advertisements\u201d, Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 175\u201085.","DOI":"10.1080\/08838158909364071"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b48","unstructured":"Gates, J. (2002), \u201cWomen's career influences in traditional and non\u2010traditional fields\u201d, poster presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Adolescence, New Orleans, LA."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gattiker, U.E. and Hlavka, A. (1992), \u201cComputer attitudes and learning performance: issues for management organization and training\u201d, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 89\u2010101.","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030130109"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b50","unstructured":"Gibson, S. (1997), \u201cThe non\u2010issue \u2013 gender in the IT field\u201d, PC Week, Vol. 14, p. 112."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorriz, C. and Medina, C. (2000), \u201cEngaging girls with computers through software games\u201d, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 43 No. 1, pp. 42\u20109.","DOI":"10.1145\/323830.323843"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habib, L. and Cornford, T. (2002), \u201cComputers in the home: domestication and gender\u201d, Information Technology and People, Vol. 15 No. 2, pp. 159\u201074.","DOI":"10.1108\/09593840210430589"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanson, S.L., Schaub, M. and Parker, D.P. (1996), \u201cGender stratification in the science pipeline: a comparative analysis of seven countries\u201d, Gender and Society, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 271\u201090.","DOI":"10.1177\/089124396010003005"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harren, V.A., Kass, R.A., Tinsley, H.E.A. and Moreland, J.R. (1978), \u201cInfluence of sex role attitudes and cognitive styles on career decision making\u201d, Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol. 25 No. 5, pp. 390\u20108.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.25.5.390"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, P.R. and Stobart, J. (1986), \u201cSex role stereotyping in British television advertisements at different times of the day: an extension and refinement of Manstead and McCullough (1981)\u201d, British Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 25 No. 2, pp. 155\u201064.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00714.x"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, S. (1999), \u201cSecondary school students' use of computers at home\u201d, British Journal of Educational Technology, Vol. 30 No. 40, pp. 331\u20109.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8535.00123"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b57","unstructured":"Holland, J.L. (1997), Making Vocational Choices, Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., Odessa, FL."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b58","unstructured":"Huber, B.R. and Schofield, J.W. (1998), \u201cGender and the sociocultural context of computing in Costa Rica\u201d, in Bromley, H. and Apple, M.W. (Eds), Education\/Technology\/Power: Educational Computing as a Social Practice, State University of New York Press, Albany, NY, pp. 103\u201032."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b59","unstructured":"Information Technology Association of America (2003), \u201cITAA report of the Blue Ribbon Panel on IT Diversity\u201d, Information Technology Association of America, Arlington, VA, available at: www.itaa.org\/workforce\/docs\/03divreport.pdf (accessed September 30, 2004)."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, C. (2002), \u201cCan single\u2010sex classes in co\u2010educational schools enhance the learning experiences of girls and\/or boys? An exploration of pupils' perceptions\u201d, British Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 37\u201048.","DOI":"10.1080\/01411920120109739"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, L.A., Gardner, P.D. and Sullivan, L.A. (1993), \u201cEngineering persistence: past, present, and future factors and gender differences\u201d, Higher Education, Vol. 26, pp. 227\u201046.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01406954"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobs, J.E. (1991), \u201cInfluence of gender stereotypes on parent and child mathematics attitudes\u201d, Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 83 No. 4, pp. 518\u201027.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.83.4.518"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, S.J. (2002), \u201cThe effect of families, peers, schools, and attitudes on adolescents' drug use: do they vary with age?\u201d, Justice Quarterly, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 97\u2010126.","DOI":"10.1080\/07418820200095181"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b64","unstructured":"Jones, S. (2003), \u201cLet the games begin: gaming technology and internet among college students\u201d, Pew Internet and American Life Project, available at: www.pewinternet.org\/pdfs\/PIP_College_Gaming_Reporta.pdf (accessed September 30, 2004)."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, T. and Clarke, V.A. (1995), \u201cDiversity as a determinant of attitudes: a possible explanation of the apparent advantage of single\u2010sex settings\u201d, Journal of Educational Computing Research, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 51\u201064.","DOI":"10.2190\/3HPH-1E8N-XTMW-CANR"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Judge, T.A., Locke, E.A., Durham, C.C. and Kluger, A.N. (1998), \u201cDispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: the role of core evaluations\u201d, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 83 No. 1, pp. 17\u201034.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.83.1.17"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b200","unstructured":"Kane, R.D. and Frazee, P. (1978), Occupational Choice: Do Traditional and Non\u2010traditional Women Differ?, report, R.J. Associates, Inc., Arlington, VA."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karahanna, E., Evaristo, R. and Srite, M. (2004), \u201cMethodological issues in MIS cross\u2010cultural issues\u201d, in Tan, F.B. (Ed.), Advanced Topics in Global Information Management, IDEA Group Publishing, Hershey, PA.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59140-064-6.ch004"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b68","unstructured":"Kolb, D.A. (1984), Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development, Prentice\u2010Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kram, K.E. and Isabella, L.A. (1985), \u201cMentoring alternatives: the role of peer relationships in career development\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 110\u201032.","DOI":"10.5465\/256064"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, R.S. (1970), \u201cSocial attitudes and the computer revolution\u201d, Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 34 No. 1, pp. 53\u20109.","DOI":"10.1086\/267772"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leslie, L.L., McCLure, G.T. and Oaxaca, R.L. (1998), \u201cWomen and minorities in science and engineering: a life sequence analysis\u201d, The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 69 No. 3, pp. 239\u201076.","DOI":"10.1080\/00221546.1998.11775134"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipinsky, J., Nida, R., Shade, D. and Watson, J. (1986), \u201cThe effects of microcomputers on young children: an examination of free\u2010play choices, sex differences, and social interactions\u201d, Journal of Educational Computing Research, Vol. 2 No. 4, pp. 147\u201068.","DOI":"10.2190\/PVU9-108W-KVB1-VE7K"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b73","unstructured":"Lockheed, M. (1986), Determinants of Student Computer Use: An Analysis from 1984 National Assessment of Educational Progress, Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b74","unstructured":"Lyons, M. (1984), \u201cThe DP psyche\u201d, Datamation, Vol. 30 No. 9, pp. 103\u201010."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McArthur, L.Z. and Resco, B.G. (1975), \u201cThe portrayal of men and women in American television commercials\u201d, Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 97, pp. 209\u201020.","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.1975.9923340"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNair, S., Kirova\u2010Petrova, A. and Bhargava, A. (2001), \u201cComputers and young children in the classroom: strategies for minimizing gender bias\u201d, Early Childhood Education Journal, Vol. 29 No. 1, pp. 51\u20105.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011360923646"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b77","unstructured":"Marso, R.N. and Pigge, F.L. (1994), \u201cPersonal and family characteristics associated with reasons given by teacher candidates for becoming teachers in the 1990s: implications for the recruitment of teachers\u201d, paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Midwestern Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milkie, M.A. (1999), \u201cSocial comparisons, reflected appraisals, and mass media: the impact of pervasive beauty images on black and white girls' self\u2010concept\u201d, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 62 No. 2, pp. 190\u2010210.","DOI":"10.2307\/2695857"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, L. and Budd, J. (1999), \u201cThe development of occupational sex\u2010role stereotypes, occupational preferences, and academic subject preferences in children at ages 8, 12, and 16\u201d, Educational Psychology, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 17\u201035.","DOI":"10.1080\/0144341990190102"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b80","unstructured":"Moore, B. (1983), \u201cFactors that influence the career choices of rural minority students\u201d, Research Bulletin No. 31, South Carolina State College, Orangeburg, SC."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b81","unstructured":"Myers, I.B. and McCaulley, M.H. (1985), Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers\u2010Briggs Type Indicator, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Na, M. (2001), \u201cThe cultural construction of the computer as a masculine technology: an analysis of computer advertisements in Korea\u201d, Asian Journal of Women's Studies, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 93\u2010114.","DOI":"10.1080\/12259276.2001.11665911"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b83","unstructured":"National Academy of Sciences (1997), Adviser, Teacher, Role Model, Friend: On Being a Mentor to Students in Science and Engineering, National Academy Press, Washington, DC."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b84","unstructured":"National Association of Software and Service Companies (2004), \u201cKnowledge professionals\u201d, available at: www.nasscom.org\/artdisplay.asp?cat_id=303 (accessed September 30, 2004)."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b85","unstructured":"National Center for Education Statistics (2000), Teachers Tools for The 21st Century: A Report on Teacher's Use of Technology, Education Public Center (ED Pubs), Jessup, MD."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b86","unstructured":"National Center for Education Statistics (2001), Teacher Use of Computers and Internet in Public Schools, Education Public Center (ED Pubs), Jessup, MD."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b87","unstructured":"National Center for Education Statistics (2002), \u201cDigest of Education Statistics, 2002\u201d, National Center for Education Statistics, Washington, DC, available at: http:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/digest\/d02\/index.asp (accessed September 30, 2004)."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b88","unstructured":"National Center for Education Statistics (2003), High School Guidance Counseling, Education Public Center (ED Pubs), Jessup, MD, available at: www.nces.ed.gov\/pubsearch\/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2003015 (accessed September 30, 2004)."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b89","unstructured":"Nelson, M.R. and Paek, H.J. (2003), \u201cExporting the \u2018fun, fearless female\u2019: Cosmopolitan magazine as a case study of a global media brand\u201d, poster presented at the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Annual Convention, Kansas City, MO."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nickell, G. and Pinto, J. (1986), \u201cThe computer attitudes scale\u201d, Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 301\u20106.","DOI":"10.1016\/0747-5632(86)90010-5"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b91","unstructured":"Norris, C., Topp, N. and Soloway, E. (2000), \u201cAccess to computers at home\u201d, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 43 No. 6, pp. 25\u20106."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b92","unstructured":"Oakes, J. (1990), Lost Talent: The Underparticipation of Women, Minorities, and Disabled Persons in Science, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pal, J. (2003), \u201cThe developmental promise of information and communications technology in India\u201d, Contemporary South Asia, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 103\u201019.","DOI":"10.1080\/0958493032000123399"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popovich, P.M., Hyde, K.R., Zakrajsek, T. and Blumer, C. (1987), \u201cThe development of the attitudes toward computer usage scale\u201d, Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 47 No. 2, pp. 261\u20109.","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164487471035"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafaeli, A. (1986), \u201cEmployee attitudes towards working with computers\u201d, Journal of Occupational Behavior, Vol. 7 No. 1, pp. 89\u2010106.","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030070203"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reinen, I.J. and Plomp, T. (1997), \u201cInformation technology and gender equality: a contradiction in terminis?\u201d, Computers and Education, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 65\u201078.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(97)00005-5"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b97","unstructured":"Rhode Island Economic Policy Council (2000), \u201cWhat Rhode Island teens think of information technology careers\u201d, available at: www.ripolicy.org\/resources\/content\/FocusGrpTeens.pdf (accessed September 30, 2004)."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg, M. (1965), Society and the Adolescent Self\u2010Image, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400876136"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b99","unstructured":"Sadker, M. and Sadker, D. (1995), Failing at Fairness: How our Schools Cheat Girls, Touchstone Books, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b100","unstructured":"Sanders, J.S. and Stone, A. (1986), The Neuter Computer: Computers for Girls and Boys, Neal\u2010Schuman Publishers, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scandura, T.A. and Ragins, B.R. (1993), \u201cThe effects of gender and role orientation on mentorship in male\u2010dominated occupations\u201d, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 43 No. 3, pp. 251\u201065.","DOI":"10.1006\/jvbe.1993.1046"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selwyn, N. (1998), \u201cThe effect of using a home computer on students' educational use of IT\u201d, Computers and Education, Vol. 31 No. 2, pp. 211\u201027.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(98)00033-5"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sherman, J.A. (1982), \u201cMathematics the critical filter: a look at some residues\u201d, Psychology of Women Quarterly, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 428\u201044.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1982.tb01071.x"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Signorielli, N., McLeod, D. and Healy, E. (1994), \u201cGender stereotypes in MTV commercials: the beat goes on\u201d, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, Vol. 38 No. 1, pp. 91\u2010102.","DOI":"10.1080\/08838159409364248"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b105","unstructured":"Smith, L.B. (2000), \u201cThe socialization of females with regard to a technology\u2010related career: recommendation for change\u201d, Meridian: A Middle School Computer Technologies Journal, Vol. 3 No. 2, available at: www.ncsu.edu\/meridian\/sum2000\/career\/index.html (accessed September 30, 2004)."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spencer, S.J., Steele, C.M. and Quinn, D. (1999), \u201cStereotype threat and women's math performance\u201d, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 35 No. 1, pp. 4\u201028.","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.1998.1373"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srite, M., Straub, D., Loch, K., Evaristo, R. and Karahanna, E. (2003), \u201cInquiry into definitions of culture in IT studies\u201d, in Tan, F.B. (Ed.), Advanced Topics in Global Information Management, Idea Group Publishing, Hershey, PA.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59140-064-6.ch003"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b108","unstructured":"Steele, M. (1997), \u201cUsing music to increase interest in computers for girls and minorities\u201d, Teaching and Change, Vol. 4 No. 4, pp. 293\u2010312."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b109","unstructured":"Stevens, C.D. and Macintosh, G. (2003), \u201cPersonality and attractiveness of activities within sales jobs\u201d, Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, Vol. 23 No. 1, pp. 23\u201037."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, M. (2002), \u201cA comparison of Asian America, Caucasian American, and Chinese college students: an initial report\u201d, Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, Vol. 30 No. 2, pp. 124\u201035.","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-1912.2002.tb00484.x"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b111","unstructured":"Trauth, E. (2000), The Culture of an Information Economy: Influences and Impacts in The Republic of Ireland, Kluwer Academic, Boston, MA."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trauth, E. (2002), \u201cOdd girl out: an individual differences perspective on women in the IT profession\u201d, Information Technology and People, Vol. 15 No. 2, pp. 98\u2010118.","DOI":"10.1108\/09593840210430552"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b113","unstructured":"Trauth, E.M., Nielsen, S.H. and von Hellens, L.A. (2003), \u201cExplaining the IT gender gap: Australian stories for the new millennium\u201d, Journal of Research and Practice in Information Technology, Vol. 35 No. 1, pp. 7\u201020."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trauth, E.M., Quesenberry, J.L. and Morgan, A.J. (2004), \u201cUnderstanding the underepresentation of women in IT: toward a theory of individual differences\u201d, in Weisband, S. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIG MIS CPR Conference, Association for Computing Machinery, Tucson, AZ.","DOI":"10.1145\/982372.982400"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trusty, J., Robinson, C.R., Plata, M. and Ng, K. (2000), \u201cEffects of gender, socioeconomic status, and early academic performance on postsecondary educational choice\u201d, Journal of Counseling and Development, Vol. 78 No. 4, pp. 463\u201072.","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1556-6676.2000.tb01930.x"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b116","unstructured":"Turner, S.V., Brent, P.W. and Pecora, N. (2002), Why Women Choose Information Technology Careers: Educational, Social, and Familial Influences, Annual Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesh, V. and Brown, S.A. (2001), \u201cA longitudinal investigation of personal computers in homes: adoption determinants and emerging challenges\u201d, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 71\u2010102.","DOI":"10.2307\/3250959"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesh, V. and Davis, F.D. (2000), \u201cA theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: four longitudinal field studies\u201d, Management Science, Vol. 46 No. 2, pp. 186\u2010204.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.46.2.186.11926"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesh, V. and Morris, M.G. (2000), \u201cWhy don't men ever stop to ask for directions? Gender, social influence, and their role in technology acceptance and usage behavior\u201d, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 115\u201040.","DOI":"10.2307\/3250981"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b120","unstructured":"Vezeau, C., Bouffard, T. and Chouinard, R. (2000), \u201cThe impact of single\u2010sex versus coeducational school environment on girls' general attitudes, self\u2010perceptions and performance in mathematics\u201d, Journal of Research and Development in Education, Vol. 34 No. 1, pp. 49\u201059."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b121","unstructured":"Viadero, D. (2001), \u201cStudy cites flaws in single\u2010sex public schools\u201d, Education Week, Vol. 20 No. 38, available at: www.edweek.com\/ew\/ewstory.cfm?slug=38gender.h20 (accessed October 7, 2004)."},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volman, M. and van Eck, E. (2001), \u201cGender equity and information technology in education: the second decade\u201d, Review of Educational Research, Vol. 17 No. 4, pp. 613\u201034.","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543071004613"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Hellens, L.A. and Nielsen, S.H. (2001), \u201cAustralian women in IT\u201d, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 44 No. 7, pp. 46\u201052.","DOI":"10.1145\/379300.379310"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Hellens, L.A., Nielsen, S.H. and Trauth, E.M. (2001), \u201cBreaking and entering the male domain: women in the IT industry\u201d, in Serva, M. (Ed.), Proceedings of ACM SIGCPR Special Interest Group on Computer Personnel Research, Association for Computing Machinery, San Diego, CA, pp. 116\u201020.","DOI":"10.1145\/371209.371535"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Hellens, L.A., Pringle, R., Nielsen, S.H. and Greenhill, A. (2000), \u201cPeople, business, and IT skills: the perspective of women in the IT industry\u201d, in Nance, W. (Ed.), Proceedings of the ACM SIGCPR Special Interest Group on Computer Personnel Research, Association for Computing Machinery, Chicago, IL, pp. 152\u20107.","DOI":"10.1145\/333334.333378"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson, C.M., Quatman, T. and Eder, E. (2002), \u201cCareer aspirations of adolescent girls: effects of achievement level, grade, and single\u2010sex school environment\u201d, Sex Roles, Vol. 46 Nos 9\/10, pp. 323\u201035.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020228613796"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webb, N.M., Baxter, G.P. and Thompson, L. (1997), \u201cTeachers' grouping practices in fifth grade science classrooms\u201d, The Elementary School Journal, Vol. 98 No. 2, pp. 91\u2010113.","DOI":"10.1086\/461886"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webster, J. and Martocchio, J.J. (1992), \u201cMicrocomputer playfulness: development of a measure with workplace implications\u201d, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 201\u201026.","DOI":"10.2307\/249576"},{"key":"key2022020919523051700_b129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"West, L.A. and Bogumil, W.A. (2001), \u201cImmigration and the global IT workforce\u201d, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 44 No. 7, pp. 21\u20105.","DOI":"10.1145\/379300.379307"}],"container-title":["Information Technology &amp; People"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/09593840510615860","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/09593840510615860\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/09593840510615860\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:36:45Z","timestamp":1753403805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/itp\/article\/18\/3\/230-259\/180054"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/09593840510615860"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/09593840510615860","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-3845"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-3845","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]]}}}