{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T09:27:30Z","timestamp":1759742850137,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,20]],"date-time":"2007-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1195516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to explore how to reconcile the contradiction between two paradigms employed in analyzing IT\u2010related change requirements: knowledge\u2010as\u2010thing versus knowledge\u2010as\u2010process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>These tensions are explored in the high\u2010risk decision\u2010making environment of an Immigration and Naturalization Service agency. The study combines competitive intelligence risk\u2010analysis methods with an ethnographic analysis of knowledge\u2010flows, to determine how the roles of human decision\u2010makers may be supported effectively by ICT\u2010based knowledge support.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings demonstrate how high\u2010risk decision\u2010making may be analyzed as a integrated hybrid human\/ICT intelligence system. The study exposes detailed mechanisms by which knowledge of different forms is transferred, exposing failures in training, interpersonal communications, ICT system support, and reward structures. Four roles for ICT support are identified, to supplement human intelligence effectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>This research is based on an investigation across knowledgeable experts in various geographical locations, functional contexts, and organizational roles in a single government agency. Future research could seek to explore whether our distinctions between knowledge types and ICT\u2010roles are transferable across different organizations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four stages of analysis for a hybrid intelligence framework are suggested: risk\u2010category identification; the application of risk\u2010categories to decision\u2010cases; testing and adapting categorizations against global conditions; and transfer of locally\u2010meaningful categorizations of risk across communities of practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The contributions of this paper are: to provide a taxonomy for the analysis of organizational knowledge\u2010flows; and to suggest a framework for the analysis of roles for human vs. ICT knowledge management in distributed, high\u2010risk decision\u2010making environments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/09593840710839806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,24]],"date-time":"2007-11-24T07:01:43Z","timestamp":1195887703000},"page":"376-399","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["IT\u2010based knowledge management to support organizational learning"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Susan","family":"Gasson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Shelfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022031820451609300_b1","unstructured":"Anderson, J.R. 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