{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T15:24:06Z","timestamp":1774452246408,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1244160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based upon the E\u2010VALUE model developed, this paper aims to investigate the impact of e\u2010commerce usage on business performance in the tourism sector.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional survey is carried out on 165 Malaysian firms involved in the tourism sector (hotels, resorts, and hospitals engaged in health tourism) through the use of a structured questionnaire.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The structural equation modeling results indicate that technology competency, firm size, firm scope, web\u2010technology investment, pressure intensity, and back\u2010end usage have significant influence on e\u2010commerce usage. Among these variables, back\u2010end integration is found to function as a mediator. E\u2010commerce experience (in years) is found to moderate the relationship between e\u2010commerce usage and business performance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper focuses on the tourism sector in Malaysia and concentrates only on the management perspective of e\u2010commerce adoption.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results provide insights to the Malaysian tourism sector and other organizations of similar structures of how they could improve upon their e\u2010commerce adoption and\/or usage for improved business performance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper is perhaps one of the first to investigate e\u2010commerce usage in the tourism sector using a comprehensive set of variables through an interactive, comprehensive and multi\u2010dimensional theoretical model (the E\u2010VALUE model) in investigating their influences on business performance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/09685220910964027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,30]],"date-time":"2009-05-30T07:05:00Z","timestamp":1243667100000},"page":"166-185","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["E\u2010commerce usage and business performance in the Malaysian tourism sector: empirical analysis"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Intan Salwani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Govindan","family":"Marthandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohd","family":"Daud Norzaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Siong","family":"Choy Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b1","unstructured":"Ainin, S. and Noor Ismawati, J. (2003), \u201cE\u2010commerce stimuli and practices in Malaysia\u201d, Proceedings of 7th Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS), Adelaide."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b60","unstructured":"Austin, J. (1990), Managing in the Developing Countries: Strategic Analysis and Operating Techniques, The Free Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bharadwaj, A.S. (2000), \u201cA resource\u2010based perspective on information technology capability and firm performance: an empirical investigation\u201d, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 169\u201096.","DOI":"10.2307\/3250983"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b66","unstructured":"Browne, M.W. and Cudek, R. (1993), \u201cAlternative ways of assessing model fit\u201d, in Bollen, K.A. and Long, J.S. (Eds), Testing Structural Equation Models, Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 136\u201062."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caldeira, M.M. and Ward, J.M. (2003), \u201cUsing resource\u2010based theory to interpret the successful adoption and use of information systems and technology in manufacturing small and medium\u2010sized enterprises\u201d, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 12 No. 2, pp. 127\u201041.","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.ejis.3000454"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, Y. (2000), \u201cIT value: the great divide between qualitative and quantitative and individual and organizational measures\u201d, Journal of Information Management Systems, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 225\u201061.","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2000.11518272"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b5","unstructured":"Chandran, D., Kang, K.S. and Leveaux, R. (2001), \u201cInternet culture in developing countries with special reference to e\u2010commerce\u201d, Proceedings of the 5th Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS): Information Technology for Estrategy, Seoul, pp. 656\u201064."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b59","unstructured":"Chow, J.C. (2000), \u201cComparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH carbon measurements\u201d, paper presented at PM2000: Particulate Matter and Health Conference, Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburg, PA."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b6","unstructured":"Clayton, T. and Criscuolo, C. (2002), \u201cElectronic commerce and business change\u201d, in Clayton, T. and Criscuolo, C. (Eds), National Statistics, available at: www.statistics.gov.uk\/cci\/article.asp?ID=139."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conner, K.R. (1991), \u201cA historical comparison of resource\u2010based theory and a new theory of the firm\u201d, Journal of Management, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 121\u201054.","DOI":"10.1177\/014920639101700109"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conner, K.R. and Prahalad, C.K. (1996), \u201cA resource\u2010based theory of the firm: knowledge versus opportunism\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 7 No. 5, pp. 477\u2010501.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.7.5.477"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, R.B. and Zmud, R.W. (1990), \u201cInformation technology implementation research: a technological diffusion approach\u201d, Management Science, Vol. 36 No. 2, pp. 123\u201039.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.36.2.123"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b76","unstructured":"Country Progress Report (2005), available at: www1.mot.gov.vn\/afact\/docs\/23rd_AFACT_Progress_Report(1)_10182005_111542_AM.doc."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crook, C.W. and Kumar, R.L. (1998), \u201cElectronic data interchange: a multi\u2010industry investigation using grounded theory\u201d, Information & Management, Vol. 34 No. 2, pp. 75\u201089.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(98)00040-8"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damanpour, F. (1991), \u201cOrganizational innovation: a meta\u2010analysis of effects of determinants and moderators\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 34 No. 3, pp. 555\u201090.","DOI":"10.2307\/256406"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniel, E. and Wilson, H. (2002), \u201cAdoption intentions and benefits realised: a study of e\u2010commerce in UK SMEs\u201d, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 9 No. 4, pp. 331\u201048.","DOI":"10.1108\/14626000210450522"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dasgupta, S., Agarwal, D., Ioannidis, A. and Gopalakrishnan, S. (1999), \u201cDeterminants of information technology adoption: an extension of existing models to firms in a developing country\u201d, Journal of Global Information Management, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 41\u20109.","DOI":"10.4018\/jgim.1999070103"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b14","unstructured":"Dedrick, J. and West, J. (2003), \u201cWhy firms adopt open source platforms: a grounded theory of innovation and standards adoption\u201d, paper presented at MISQ Special Issue Workshop: Standard Making: A Critical Research Frontier for Information Systems, Seattle, WA, pp. 236\u201057."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b71","unstructured":"Depietro, R., Wiarda, E. and Fleischer, M. (1990), \u201cThe context for change: organization, technology and environment\u201d, in Tornatzky, L.G. and Fleischer, M. (Eds), The Processes of Technological Innovation, Lexington Books, Lexington, MA, pp. 151\u201075."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dewan, S. and Kraemer, K.L. (2000), \u201cInformation technology and productivity: evidence from country\u2010level data\u201d, Management Science, Vol. 46 No. 4, pp. 548\u201062.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.46.4.548.12057"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b63","unstructured":"Dollinger, M.J. (1999), Entrepreneurship, Strategies and Resources, 2nd ed., Prentice\u2010Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b49","unstructured":"(The) European E\u2010business Report (2004), available at: www.ebusiness\u2010watch.org\/key_ reports\/documents\/EBR04.pdf."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b78","unstructured":"Garson, G.D. (1999), \u201cStructural equation modeling\u201d, available: http:\/\/faculty.chass.ncsu.edu\/garson\/PA765\/statnote.htm."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibbs, J.L. and Kraemer, K.L. (2004), \u201cA cross\u2010country investigation of the determinants of scope of e\u2010commerce use: an institutional approach\u201d, Electronic Markets, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 124\u201037.","DOI":"10.1080\/10196780410001675077"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b75","unstructured":"Gould, S. (2001), \u201cSourcing successfully in China\u201d, Supply Chain Management Review, Vol. 5 No. 4, p. 44."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b18","unstructured":"Govindarajulu, N., Devi, S., Ge, Y., Gonzalez, M., Loyd, D.T. and Daily, B.F. (2004), \u201cTowards theory building in e\u2010commerce: identification of pertinent research streams and a call for further research\u201d, Proceedings of the 2nd World Conference on POM and 15th Annual POM Conference, Cancun."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hitt, L. (1999), \u201cInformation technology and firm boundaries: evidence from panel data\u201d, Information Systems Research, Vol. 10 No. 2, pp. 134\u201049.","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.10.2.134"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b20","unstructured":"Hussey, J. and Hussey, R. (1997), Business Research: A Practical Guide for Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students, Macmillan, London."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Igbaria, M., Zinatelli, N. and Cavaye, A. (1998), \u201cAnalysis of information technology success in small firms in New Zealand\u201d, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 18 No. 2, pp. 103\u201019.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-4012(97)00053-4"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b23","unstructured":"Intan Salwani, M., Marthandan, G., Norzaidi, M.D. and Normah, O. (2008), \u201cE\u2010commerce and value creation: empirical evidence in Malaysia\u201d, Proceedings of the European Applied Business Research Conference, Rothenburg."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b68","unstructured":"Kaplan, R.S. and Norton, D.P. (1992), \u201cThe balanced scorecard \u2013 measures that drive performance\u201d, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 70 No. 1, pp. 71\u20108."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b24","unstructured":"Kauffman, R., Wang, B. and Miller, T. (2002), \u201cStrategic \u2018morphing\u2019 and the survivability of e\u2010commerce firms\u201d, in Sprague, R. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) 2002, IEEE Computing Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, Vol. 8, p. 217."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b25","unstructured":"Keen, P.G.W. (1991), Shaping the Future: Business Design through Information Technology, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b27","unstructured":"Khan, M.R. and Motiwalla, L. (2002), \u201cThe influence of e\u2010commerce initiatives on corporate performance: an empirical investigation in the United States\u201d, International Journal of Management, Vol. 19 No. 3, pp. 503\u201010."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraemer, K.L., Dedrick, J., Melville, N. and Zhu, K. (2006), Global E\u2010commerce: Impacts of National Environments and Policy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511488603"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krassa, A. (1988), \u201cSocial groups, selective perceptions and behavioral contagion in public opinions\u201d, Social Network, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 109\u201036.","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(88)90018-4"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuan, K.K.Y. and Chau, P.Y.K. (2001), \u201cA perception\u2010based model for EDI adoption in small business using a technology\u2010organization\u2010environment framework\u201d, Information & Management, Vol. 38 No. 8, pp. 507\u201021.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(01)00073-8"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lederer, A.L., Mirchandani, D.A. and Sims, K. (2001), \u201cThe search for strategic advantage from the world wide web\u201d, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 5 No. 4, pp. 117\u201033.","DOI":"10.1080\/10864415.2001.11044223"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, W.J. (2001), \u201cBrief communication: the role of knowledge content in e\u2010commerce\u201d, Journal of Information Science, Vol. 27 No. 3, pp. 180\u20104.","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551014233716"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mata, F.J., Fuerst, W.L. and Barney, J.B. (1995), \u201cInformation technology and sustained competitive advantage: a resource\u2010based analysis\u201d, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 19 No. 4, pp. 487\u2010505.","DOI":"10.2307\/249630"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melville, N., Kraemer, K.L. and Gurbaxani, A. (2004), \u201cReview: information technology and organizational performance: an integrative model of it business value\u201d, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 283\u2010322.","DOI":"10.2307\/25148636"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b36","unstructured":"Mougayar, W. (1998), Opening Digital Markets: Battle Plans and Business Strategies for Internet Commerce, McGraw\u2010Hill, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b39","unstructured":"Ng, K.L. (2000), \u201cDare to fail to succeed: Cnet.com\u201d, available at: http:\/\/malaysia.cnet.com\/e\u2010business\/experthelp\/000616\/index.html."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norhayati, A.M. (2000), \u201cBarriers to putting businesses on the internet in Malaysia\u201d, Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, Vol. 2 No. 6, pp. 1\u20106.","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1681-4835.2000.tb00013.x"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norzaidi, M.D., Chong, S.C., Murali, R. and Intan Salwani, M. (2007), \u201cIntranet usage and manager's performance in the port industry\u201d, Industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol. 107 No. 8, pp. 1227\u201050.","DOI":"10.1108\/02635570710822831"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b40","unstructured":"Paynter, J. and Lim, J. (2001), \u201cDrivers and impediments to e\u2010commerce in Malaysia\u201d, Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 1\u201019."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quayle, M. (2002), \u201cE\u2010commerce: the challenge for UK SMEs in the twenty\u2010first century\u201d, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 22 Nos 9\u201010, pp. 1148\u201061.","DOI":"10.1108\/01443570210446351"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b42","unstructured":"Quinn, J.B., Baruch, J.J. and Zien, K.A. (1997), Innovation Explosion: Using Intellect and Software to Revolutionized Growth Strategies, The Free Press, New York, NY, p. 432."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b43","unstructured":"Robertson, R.A. (2005), \u201cA framework of critical drivers in successful business\u2010to\u2010business e\u2010commerce\u201d, Proceedings of the IEEE Southeast Conference, April 8\u201010, pp. 378\u201083."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b61","unstructured":"Rogers, E.M. (1962), Diffusion of Innovations, The Free Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b62","unstructured":"Rogers, E.M. (1983), Diffusion of Innovations, 3rd ed., The Free Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b72","unstructured":"Saffu, K. (2004), An Exploration of Business Ownership and Family Issues of Ghanaian Female Entrepreneurs, Brock University, St Catharines."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segars, A.H. and Grover, V. (1993), \u201cRe\u2010examining perceived ease of use and usefulness: a confirmatory factor analysis\u201d, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 17 No. 4, pp. 517\u201025.","DOI":"10.2307\/249590"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b45","unstructured":"Sekaran, U. (1992), Research Methods for Business, Wiley, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b64","unstructured":"Sekaran, U. (2003), Research Methods for Business \u2013 A Skill Building Approach, 4th ed., Wiley, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, M.D., Bailey, J. and Brynjolfsson, E. (2001), \u201cUnderstanding digital markets: review and assessment\u201d, in Brynjolfsson, E. and Kahin, B. (Eds), Understanding the Digital Economy: Data, Tool and Research, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6986.003.0007"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b47","unstructured":"Soh, C. and Markus, M.L. (1995), \u201cHow IT creates business value: a process theory synthesis\u201d, Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems, Amsterdam, pp. 29\u201041."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, K.S., Chong, S.C. and Lin, B. (2009), \u201cInternet\u2010based ICT adoption among small and medium enterprises: Malaysia's perspective\u201d, Industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol. 109 No. 2, pp. 224\u201044.","DOI":"10.1108\/02635570910930118"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thong, J.Y.L. (1999), \u201cAn integrated model of information systems adoption in small business\u201d, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 187\u2010214.","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1999.11518227"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b50","unstructured":"Tornatzky, L.G. and Fleischer, M. (1990), Process of Technology Innovation, Lexington Books, Lexington, MA."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b51","unstructured":"Turban, E. and King, D. (2003), Introduction to E\u2010commerce, Prentice\u2010Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b73","unstructured":"Turban, E., King, D., Lee, J.K. and Viehland, D. (2006), Electronic Commerce: A Managerial Perspective, Prentice\u2010Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, H.J., Lim, B. and Huang, H.L. (2003), \u201cMeasuring e\u2010commerce efficiency: a data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach\u201d, Industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol. 103 No. 9, pp. 703\u201010.","DOI":"10.1108\/02635570310506124"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b54","unstructured":"Windrum, P. and de Berranger, P. (2003), \u201cAdoption of e\u2010business technology by SMEs\u201d, in Jones, O. and Tilley, F. (Eds), Competitive Advantage in SMEs, Wiley, Cheltenham, pp. 177\u2010201."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, K. (2004), \u201cInformation transparency of business\u2010to\u2010business electronic markets: a game\u2010theoretic analysis\u201d, Management Science, Vol. 50 No. 5, pp. 670\u201085.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1040.0226"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, K. and Kraemer, K.L. (2002), \u201cE\u2010commerce metrics for Net\u2010enhanced organizations: Assessing the value of e\u2010commerce to firm performance in the manufacturing sector\u201d, Information Systems Research, Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 275\u201095.","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.13.3.275.82"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, K. and Kraemer, K.L. (2005), \u201cPost\u2010adoption variations in usage and value of e\u2010business by organizations: cross\u2010country evidence from the retail industry\u201d, Information Systems Research, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 61\u201084.","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1050.0045"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, K., Kraemer, K.L. and Xu, S. (2006), \u201cThe process of innovation assimilation by firms in different countries: a technology diffusion perspective\u201d, Management Science, Vol. 52 No. 10, pp. 1557\u201076.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1050.0487"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, K., Kraemer, K.L., Xu, S. and Dedrick, J. (2004), \u201cInformation technology payoff in e\u2010business environments: an international perspective on value creation of e\u2010business in the financial services industry\u201d, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 21 No. 1, pp. 17\u201054.","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2004.11045797"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_frd1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baron, R.M. and Kenny, D.A. (1986), \u201cThe moderator\u2010mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations\u201d, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51, pp. 1173\u201082.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_frd2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frazier, P., Tix, A.P. and Barron, K.E. (2004), \u201cTesting moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research\u201d, Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol. 51 No. 1, pp. 115\u201034.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.51.1.115"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_frd3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iacovou, C.L., Benbasat, I. and Dexter, A.S. (1995), \u201cElectronic data interchange and small organizations: adoption and impact of technology\u201d, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 19 No. 4, pp. 465\u201085.","DOI":"10.2307\/249629"},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_frd5","unstructured":"MATRADE (2002), \u201cE\u2010commerce\u201d, available at: www.matrade.gov.my\/ecommerce\/news\u2010archive\/2002\/ecom\u2010052002.htm."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_frd4","unstructured":"Mesra.net (n.d), \u201cMalaysian directories and information\u201d, available at: www.mesra.net."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_frd6","unstructured":"Roscoe, J.T. (1975), Fundamental Research Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020520055247100_frd7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wernerfelt, B. (1984), \u201cA resource\u2010based view of the firm\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 171\u201080.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250050207"}],"container-title":["Information Management &amp; Computer Security"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/09685220910964027","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/09685220910964027\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/09685220910964027\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:09:09Z","timestamp":1753402149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ics\/article\/17\/2\/166-185\/177607"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/09685220910964027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/09685220910964027","relation":{},"ISSN":["0968-5227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0968-5227","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]]}}}