{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T03:11:00Z","timestamp":1761621060770,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cognitive passwords are typically realized using \u201cone size fits all\u201d fact-based or opinion-based questions, and as such are prone to guessing attacks. The purpose of this paper is to propose a method of personalizing cognitive passwords to individual users, to close this loophole, and evaluate its performance against rigid cognitive passwords.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A personalized questionnaire formulated by the subjects was benchmarked against a rigid questionnaire in terms of recall and security. The evaluation employed two constructs used extensively in previous research, namely, Recall \u2013 the success in remembering a password, and Secrecy \u2013 the likelihood that the password cannot be guessed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While the experiment found that personalization increases the recall of cognitive passwords, it showed no improvement in secrecy (reducing guessing rates).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study was conducted in an academic environment with young freshmen students thereby limiting external validity. Another problem might stem from the difference in the length of the questionnaires between groups in order to minimize drop-out rates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Secrecy was and still is the Achilles heel of the cognitive password mechanism and therefore the results imply that some restrictions should be imposed to prevent selection of over-simplistic cognitive passwords.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study is important because it is the first of its kind \u2013 benchmarking recall and secrecy of two types of cognitive authentication methods \u2013 rigid and personalized.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/09685221111115845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,19]],"date-time":"2011-03-19T08:06:54Z","timestamp":1300522014000},"page":"25-41","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Personalized cognitive passwords: an exploratory assessment"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Lior","family":"Lazar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Management, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omer","family":"Tikolsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Management, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chanan","family":"Glezer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ariel University Center of Samaria, Ariel, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moshe","family":"Zviran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Management, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"2025072819470320300_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1145\/322796.322806","article-title":"Users are not the enemy: why users compromise security mechanisms and how to take remedial measures","volume":"42","author":"Adams","year":"1999","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025072819470320300_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1023\/B:ETIN.0000006918.22060.1f","article-title":"A piece of yourself: ethical issues in biometric identification","volume":"5","author":"Alterman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"key":"2025072819470320300_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auernheimer, B.\n           and Tasi, M.J. 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