{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T18:01:05Z","timestamp":1754157665178,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,8,1]],"date-time":"1997-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":870393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Examines the balance between privacy and law enforcement and initiatives from central governments to retain control. Describes the computer security tools available and discusses the main threats to IT infrastructures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1108\/09685229710693102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,13]],"date-time":"2007-04-13T10:20:24Z","timestamp":1176459624000},"page":"111-118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Government initiatives in information technology security"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Steve","family":"Orlowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022021120160005500_b1","unstructured":"1For an interesting thesis on the cyberpunk subculture and issues such as netiquette see Joshua A., Fruhlinger, Escape to Cyberia; Subcultures as Agents of Change at http :\/\/www.tapoline.com\/tap\/culture\/fringe\/features\/ nerd\/thesis.htmll"},{"key":"key2022021120160005500_b2","unstructured":"2The Hon. Justice Michael Kirby AC CMG OECD, Cryptography Guidelines in Context, International Symposium on the Public Voice and the Development of International Cryptography Policy at http:\/\/www.epic.org\/events\/ crypto_paris\/speech_kirby.htmll"},{"key":"key2022021120160005500_b3","unstructured":"3Organization for Economic Co\u2010operation and Development, Guidelines for the Security of Information Systems, Paris, 1992, Document Number OCDE\/GD(92) 1900"},{"key":"key2022021120160005500_b4","unstructured":"4Office of Management and Budget, Enabling Privacy, Commerce, Security and Public Safety in the Global Information Infrastructure, Draft Paper, Washington, DC, May 1996."},{"key":"key2022021120160005500_b5","unstructured":"5Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology [Docket No. 960924273\u20106273\u201001] RIN 0693\u20102A11."},{"key":"key2022021120160005500_b6","unstructured":"6Department of Trade and Industry, Licensing of Trusted Third Parties for the Provision of Encryption Services, London, March 1997, available at http:\/\/dtinfo 1.dti.gov.uk\/pubs\/"},{"key":"key2022021120160005500_b7","unstructured":"7Standards Australia, Strategies for a Public Key Authentication Framework (PKAF) in Australia, Sydney, November 1996, Document Number SAA MP 75\u20101996."},{"key":"key2022021120160005500_b8","unstructured":"8British Standards Institution, Code of Practice for Information Security Management, London, 1995, BS 7799, 1995."},{"key":"key2022021120160005500_b9","unstructured":"9Standards Australia, Australian\/New Zealand Standard Information Security Management, Sydney, November 1996, AS\/NZS 4444, 1996."},{"key":"key2022021120160005500_b10","unstructured":"10Australian Broadcasting Authority, Investigation into the Content of On\u2010line Services at http:\/\/www.dca.gov.u\/abaJinvest.html"},{"key":"key2022021120160005500_b11","unstructured":"11Georgia Tech Research Corporation, 6th GVU User Survey, http:\/\/www.cc.gatech.edu\/gvu\/ user__surveys\/survey\u201010\u20101996\/"},{"key":"key2022021120160005500_b12","unstructured":"12European Council, Directive on Protection of Individuals in Relation to Personal Data, Brussels, October 1995, Document Number OJ 1995 L281\/31, 24."},{"key":"key2022021120160005500_b13","unstructured":"13Rand, Information War and Cyberspace Security, Rand Research Review, Vol XIX No. 2, Fall 1995."},{"key":"key2022021120160005500_b14","unstructured":"14Deutch, J.M., DCI Testimony to the US Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs; Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, 25 June 1996, at http:\/\/www.odci.gov\/cia\/public_affairs\/ speeches\/dci_testimony_062596.tml"},{"key":"key2022021120160005500_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15Madsen W., Information Warfare: The Sequel, Computer Fraud and Security, February 1997, Elsevier Science, Oxford, 1997.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-3723(97)85241-4"},{"key":"key2022021120160005500_b16","unstructured":"16Information on the Group\u2019s activities can be found at http:\/\/csl\u2010hq.oecd.org\/dsti\/iccp\/ legal\/top\u2010page.html"}],"container-title":["Information Management &amp; Computer Security"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/09685229710693102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/09685229710693102\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/09685229710693102\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:09:46Z","timestamp":1753402186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ics\/article\/5\/3\/111-118\/391122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,8,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/09685229710693102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/09685229710693102","relation":{},"ISSN":["0968-5227"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0968-5227"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,8,1]]}}}