{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T13:56:52Z","timestamp":1782827812630,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]],"date-time":"2006-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1154390400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to test the extent to which current coercive control strategies receive research support in controlling deviant workplace Internet behavior, also called cyberloafing. Consequently, it examines the relationship between cyberloafing and three classic coercive variables: perceived organizational control (POC), fear of formal punishment (FFP) and physical leadership proximity (LPP) as sensed by the employee. The model tested suggests that perceptions of leader physical proximity (LPP) antecede both the organizational amount of control (POC) and FFP and these both ones, in turn, affect cyberloafing. Additionally, the model suggests that POC increases FFP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were collected from 147 (19.4 percent) of the 758 non\u2010teaching staff at a Spanish public university. Accessibility of individual e\u2010mail accounts was similar for all employees. E\u2010mails asking for collaboration were sent in two phases. A questionnaire was posted on the university intranet and could be accessed by clicking on a link in the e\u2010mails.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Structural equation modeling results show that LPP is a significant positively associated antecedent of POC and FFP. Moreover, POC, in turn, decreases cyberloafing, while FFP increases it.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The researched employees have job conditions inherent to the peculiarities of the public sector which may limit the ability to extrapolate the findings in the private sector. The fear construct was assessed by a self\u2010supplied scale, and thus the presence of shades of other similar emotions could not be discounted. Findings provide a more understandable mechanism of the influence of supervisor proximity on cyberloafing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings contribute to an understanding of the ways in which organizations can control cyberloafing and provide reservations about the intimidator strategy efficiency. Supervisor proximity through the employee's control senses appear as an effective strategy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study of the joint interaction of the cited coercive variables against cyberloafing is unprecedented.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/10662240610690052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,26]],"date-time":"2006-09-26T06:08:15Z","timestamp":1159250895000},"page":"450-467","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Do current anti\u2010cyberloafing disciplinary practices have a replica in research findings?"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Pablo","family":"Zoghbi Manrique de Lara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domingo","family":"Verano Tacoronte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyh\u2010Ming","family":"Ting Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b1","unstructured":"American Management Association (2001), \u201cWorkplace testing: monitoring & surveillance\u201d, available at: www.amanet.Org\/research\/summ.htm."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, J.C. and Gerbing, D.W. (1988), \u201cStructural equation modelling in practice: a review and recommended two\u2010step\u2010approach\u201d, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 103, pp. 411\u201023.","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.3.411"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aquino, K., Galperin, B.L. and Bennett, R. (2004), \u201cSocial status and aggressiveness as moderators of the relationship between interactional justice and workplace deviance\u201d, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 34 No. 5, pp. 1001\u201029.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02581.x"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aquino, K., Lewis, M.U. and Bradfield, M. (1999), \u201cJustice constructs, negative affectivity, and employee deviance: a proposed model and empirical test\u201d, Journal of Organization Behavior, Vol. 20, pp. 1073\u201091.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1379(199912)20:7<1073::AID-JOB943>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b5","unstructured":"Arbuckle, J.L. (2003), Amos 5.0 Update to the Amos User's Guide, Smallwaters Corporation, Chicago, IL."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arvey, R. and Ivancevich, J. (1980), \u201cPunishment in organizations: a review, propositions and research suggestions\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 5, pp. 123\u201032.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1980.4288937"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atwater, L.E., Dionne, S.D., Camobreco, J.F., Avolio, B.J. and Lau, A. (1998), \u201cIndividual attributes and leadership style: predicting the use of punishment and its effects\u201d, Journal of Organizational Behavior, p. 19.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1379(1998110)19:6<559::AID-JOB866>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Averill, J.R. (1980), \u201cA constructivist view of emotion\u201d, in Plutchnik, R. and Kellerman, H. (Eds), Emotion. Theory, Research, and Experience,Vol. 1, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 305\u201040.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-558701-3.50018-1"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aryee, S., Budhwar, P.S. and Chen, Z.X. (2002), \u201cTrust as a mediator of the relationship between organizational justice and work outcomes: test of a social exchange model\u201d, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 23, pp. 267\u201085.","DOI":"10.1002\/job.138"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayres, I. and Braithwaite, J. (1992), Responsive Regulation: Transcending the Deregulation Debate, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195070705.001.0001"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ball, G.A., Trevino, L.K. and Sims, H.P. (1994), \u201cJust and unjust punishment: influences on subordinate performance and citizenship\u201d, Academy of Management Journal.","DOI":"10.5465\/256831"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b12","unstructured":"Bardach, E. and Kagan, R.A. (1982), Going by the Book, the Problem of Regulatory Unreasonableness, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, PA."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b13","unstructured":"Bass, B. (1960), Leadership, Psychology, and Organizational Behavior, Harper, New York, NY:."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b14","unstructured":"Bass, B. (1990), Bass & Stogdill's Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications, Free Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett, R.J. and Robinson, S.L. (2000), \u201cThe development of a measure of workplace deviance\u201d, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 85, pp. 349\u201060.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.85.3.349"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b16","unstructured":"Bies, R.J., Tripp, T.M. and Kramer, R.M. (1997), \u201cAt the breaking point: cognitive and social dynamics of revenge in organizations\u201d, in Giacalone, R.A. and Greenberg, J. (Eds), Antisocial Behavior in Organizations, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 18\u201036."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b17","unstructured":"Bies, R.J. and Tripp, T.M. (1998), \u201cRevenge in organizations: the good, the bad, and the ugly\u201d, in Griffin, R.W., O'Leary\u2010Kelly, A. and Collins, J.M. (Eds), Dysfunctional Behavior in Organizations: Non\u2010Violent Dysfunctional Behavior, Jai Press Inc., Stamford, CN, pp. 49\u201067."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b18","unstructured":"Bies, R.J. and Moag, J.S. (1986), \u201cInteractional justice: communication criteria of fairness\u201d, Research on Negotiation in Organizations, Vol. 1, pp. 43\u201055."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b20","unstructured":"Blau, P.M. (1964), Exchange and Power in Social Life, Wiley, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b21","unstructured":"Braithwaite, J. (1985), To Punish or Persuade: Enforcement of Coal Mine Safety, State University of New York Press, Albany, NY."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braithwaite, J. (1989), Crime, Shame and Reintegration, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511804618"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b23","unstructured":"Bronikowski, L. (2000), \u201cEsniff.com sniffs out cyberslacking\u201d, ColoradoBiz, Vol. 27 No. 11, p. 46."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruins, J., Ellemers, N. and DeGilder, D. (1999), \u201cPower use and differential competence as determinants of subordinates' evaluative and behavioural responses in simulated organizations\u201d, European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 29, pp. 843\u201070.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0992(199911)29:7<843::AID-EJSP959>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b25","unstructured":"Bryant, A. (1984), \u201cReplacing punitive discipline with a positive approach\u201d, Personnel Administrator, p. 29."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cherrington, D., Reitz, H. and Scott, W. (1971), \u201cEffects of contingent and noncontingent reward on the relationship between satisfaction and task performance\u201d, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 55, pp. 531\u20106.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0032041"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b27","unstructured":"Clinard, M.B. and Yeager, P.C. (1980), Corporate Crime, The Free Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, K. (1968), \u201cSuccess of chain of command oral communications in a manufacturing management group\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 11, pp. 379\u201087.","DOI":"10.2307\/254887"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dailey, R.C. and Kirk, D.J. (1992), \u201cDistributive and procedural justice as antecedents of job dissatisfaction and intent to turnover\u201d, Human Relation, Vol. 45 No. 3, pp. 305\u201013.","DOI":"10.1177\/001872679204500306"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b30","unstructured":"DeCharms, R. and Hamblin, R.L. (1960), Structural Factors and Individual Needs in Group Behavior, Washington University, St Louis, MO."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b31","unstructured":"Deutsch, M. (1985), Distributive Justice, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b32","unstructured":"DiBattista, R.A. (1989), \u201cDesigning a program to manage the risk of sabotage\u201d, Supervision, October, pp. 6\u20108."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiBattista, R.A. (1996), \u201cForecasting sabotage events in the workplace\u201d, Public Personnel Management, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 41\u201052.","DOI":"10.1177\/009102609602500104"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellemers, N., Van Rijswijk, W., Bruins, J. and Gilder, D. (1998), \u201cGroup commitment as a moderator of attributional and behavioural responses to power use\u201d, European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 28, pp. 555\u201073.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0992(199807\/08)28:4<555::AID-EJSP879>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flamholtz, E.G. (1996), Effective Management Control: Theory and Practice, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-1359-5"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedman, A. (1977), \u201cResponsible autonomy versus direct control over the labour process\u201d, Capital & Class, No. 1, pp. 43\u201057.","DOI":"10.1177\/030981687700100104"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b37","unstructured":"French, J.R.P. Jr and Raven, B.H. (1959), \u201cThe bases of social power\u201d, in Cartwright, D. and Zander, A.F. (Eds), Studies in Social Power, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Folger, R. and Konovsky, M.A. (1989), \u201cEffects of procedural and distributive justice on reactions to pay decisions\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 32, pp. 115\u201030.","DOI":"10.5465\/256422"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaines, J. and Jermier, J.M. (1983), \u201cEmotional exhaustion in a high stress organization\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 26, pp. 567\u201086.","DOI":"10.2307\/255907"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"George, J.M. (1992), \u201cExtrinsic and intrinsic origins of perceived social loafing in organizations\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 35, pp. 191\u2010202.","DOI":"10.5465\/256478"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgopoulos, B.S. (1965), \u201cNormative structure variables and organizational behavior\u201d, Human Relations, Vol. 18, pp. 155\u201069.","DOI":"10.1177\/001872676501800205"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graen, G.B., Scandura, T.A. and Graen, M.R. (1982), \u201cA field experimental test of the moderating effects of growth need strength on productivity\u201d, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 71, pp. 484\u201091.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.71.3.484"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graen, G., Novak, M. and Sommerkamp, P. (1986), \u201cThe effects of leader\u2010member exchange and job design on productivity and satisfaction: testing a dual attachment model\u201d, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Vol. 30, pp. 109\u201031.","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-5073(82)90236-7"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b44","unstructured":"Gray, J. (1988), The Psychology of Fear and Stress, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b45","unstructured":"Greenberg, J. and Scott, K.S. (1996), \u201cWhy do employees bite the hands that feed them?, Employee theft as a social exchange process\u201d, in Staw, B.M. and Cummings, L.L. (Eds), Research in Organizational Behavior,Vol. 18, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, pp. 111\u201066."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenberg, J. (1990), \u201cEmployee theft as a reaction to underpayment inequity: the hidden cost of pay cuts\u201d, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 75, pp. 561\u20108.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.75.5.561"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b47","unstructured":"Hawkins, K. (1984), Environment and Enforcement: Regulation and the Social Definition of Pollution, Oxford Socio\u2010Legal Studies, University Press, Oxford."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b48","unstructured":"Hebert, L. (1994), \u201cDivision of control: relationship dynamics and joint venture performance\u201d, Unpublished PhD dissertation, The University of Western."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemmingsson, T. and Lundberg, I. (1998), \u201cWork control, work demands, and work social support in relation to alcoholism among young men\u201d, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, Vol. 22, pp. 921\u20107.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03890.x"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Homas, G.C. (1958), \u201cSocial behavior as exchange\u201d, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 63, pp. 597\u2010606.","DOI":"10.1086\/222355"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b51","unstructured":"Homans, G.C. (1961), Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms, Harcourt Brace, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b53","unstructured":"Howell, J.M. (1988), \u201cTwo faces of charisma: socialized and personalized leadership in organizations\u201d, in Conger, J. and Kanungo, R. (Eds), Charismatic Leadership: The Illusive Factor in Organizational Effectiveness, Jossey\u2010Bass, San Francisco, CA."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b54","unstructured":"Huberman, J. (1964), \u201cDiscipline without punishment\u201d, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 42, pp. 62\u20108."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b55","unstructured":"Huberman, J. (1975), \u201c\u2018Discipline without punishment\u2019 live\u201d, Harvard Business Review, July\/August, pp. 6\u20108."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izard, C.E. (1977), Human Emotions, Plenum, New York, NY.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2209-0"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, G.R. (1984), \u201cTask visibility, free riding, and shirking: explaining the effect of structure and technology on employee behavior\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 9, pp. 684\u201095.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1984.4277404"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b58","unstructured":"J\u00f6reskog, K.G. and S\u00f6rbom, D. (1979) in Magidson, J. (Ed.), In Advances in Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Models, Abt Books, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b59","unstructured":"Kamins, A. (1995), \u201cCyber\u2010loafing: does employee time online add up to net losses?\u201d, New York Daily News, July."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konovsky, M.A. and Pugh, S.D. (1994), \u201cCitizenship behavior and social exchange\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 37, pp. 656\u201069.","DOI":"10.5465\/256704"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleck, B., Ono, H. and Hastorf, A.H. (1966), \u201cThe effects of physical space upon face\u2010to\u2010face interaction\u201d, Human Relations, Vol. 19, pp. 425\u201036.","DOI":"10.1177\/001872676601900406"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b62","unstructured":"Klemm, L.J. (1995), \u201cUsing progressive discipline\u201d, Journal of Credit Union Executive, Vol. 35, pp. 26\u20108."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konovsky, M.A. and Cropanzano, R. (1991), \u201cPerceived fairness of employee drug testing as a predictor of employee attitudes and job performance\u201d, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 76, pp. 698\u2010707.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.76.5.698"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korukonda, A. and Hunt, J.G. (1989), \u201cPat on the back versus kick in the pants: an application of cognitive inference to the study of leader reward and punishment behaviors\u201d, Group & Organization Studies, Vol. 14, pp. 299\u2010324.","DOI":"10.1177\/105960118901400306"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazarus, R.S., Averill, J.R. and Opton, E.M. (1970), \u201cTowards a cognitive theory of emotion\u201d, in Arnold, M.B. (Ed.), Feelings and Emotions, Academic Press, New York, NY.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-063550-4.50023-1"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leventhal, H. (1979), \u201cAdvances in the Study of Communication and Affect: Perception and Emotion in Self and Others\u201d, in Pliner, P., Blanstein, K. and Spigel, I.M. (Eds), Plenum Press, New York, NY, A perceptual\u2010motor processing model of emotion.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-3548-1_1"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, V.K.G. (2002), \u201cThe IT way of loafing on the job: cyberloafing, neutralizing and organizational justice\u201d, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 23, pp. 675\u201094.","DOI":"10.1002\/job.161"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lind, E.A. and Tyler, T.R. (1988), The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice, Plenum, New York, NY.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2115-4"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luckenbill, D.F. (1982), \u201cCompliance under threat of severe punishment\u201d, Social Forces, Vol. 60 No. 3, pp. 811\u201025.","DOI":"10.2307\/2578394"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masterson, S.S., Lewis\u2010McClear, K., Goldman, B.M. and Taylor, M.S. (2000), \u201cIntegrating justice and social exchange: the differing effects of fair procedures and treatment on work relationships\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 67, pp. 738\u201049.","DOI":"10.2307\/1556364"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b71","unstructured":"Mastrangelo, P.M., Everton, W.J. and Jolton, J.A. (2003), \u201cDeviant computer use: distinguishing nonproductivity from counterproductivity\u201d, paper presented at the 18th Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Orlando, FL, April."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b72","unstructured":"Milgram, S. (1974), Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View, Harper & Row, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mills, P.K. (1983), \u201cSelf\u2010management: its control and relationship to other organizational properties\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 8, pp. 445\u201053.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1983.4284594"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molm, L.D. (1994), \u201cIs punishment effective? Coercive strategies in social exchange\u201d, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 57, pp. 75\u201094.","DOI":"10.2307\/2786703"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monge, P.R. and Kirste, K.K. (1980), \u201cMeasuring proximity in human organization\u201d, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 43 No. 1, pp. 110\u20105.","DOI":"10.2307\/3033753"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monge, P.R., Rothman, L.W., Eisenberg, E.M., Miller, K.I. and Kirste, K.K. (1980), \u201cThe dynamics of organizational proximity\u201d, Management Science, Vol. 31 No. 9, pp. 1129\u201041.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.31.9.1129"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moorman, R.H., Blakely, G.L. and Niehoff, B.P. (1998), \u201cDoes organizational support mediate the relationship between procedural justice and organizational citizenship behavior?\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 41, pp. 351\u20107.","DOI":"10.2307\/256913"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b78","unstructured":"Morgan, P.M. (1977), Deterrence: A Conceptual Analysis, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motowidlo, S.J., Packard, J.S. and Manning, M.R. (1986), \u201cOccupational stress: its causes and consequences for job performance\u201d, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 71 No. 4, pp. 618\u201029.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.71.4.618"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, S.M., Wayne, S.J., Liden, R.C. and Erdogan, B. (2003), \u201cUnderstanding social loafing: the role of justice perceptions and exchange relationships\u201d, Human Relations, Vol. 56 No. 1, pp. 61\u201084.","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726703056001450"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neuman, J.H. and Baron, R.A. (1998), \u201cWorkplace violence and workplace aggression: evidence concerning specific forms, potential causes, and preferred targets\u201d, Journal of Management, Vol. 24, pp. 391\u2010419.","DOI":"10.1177\/014920639802400305"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osigweh, C. and Hutchison, W.R. (1989), \u201cPositive discipline\u201d, Human Resource Management, Vol. 28, pp. 367\u201083.","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.3930280306"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O'Reilly, C.O. III and Puffer, S. (1989), \u201cThe impact of rewards and punishments in a social context: a laboratory and field experiment\u201d, Journal of Occupational Psychology, Vol. 62, pp. 41\u201053.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8325.1989.tb00476.x"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parks, C.D. and Hulbert, L.G. (1995), \u201cHigh and low trusters' responses to fear in a payoff matrix\u201d, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 39, pp. 718\u201030.","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002795039004006"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b85","unstructured":"Plutchnik, R. (1980), Emotion: A Psychoevolutionary Synthesis, Harper & Row, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podsakoff, P., Todor, W., Grover, R.A. and Huber, V.L. (1984), \u201cSituational moderators of leader reward and punishment behaviors: fact or fiction?\u201d, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Vol. 34, pp. 21\u201063.","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-5073(84)90036-9"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podsakoff, P. and Todor, W. (1985), \u201cRelationships between leader reward and punishment behavior and group processes and productivity\u201d, Journal of Management, l, pp. 55\u201073.","DOI":"10.1177\/014920638501100106"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b88","unstructured":"Preston, R. and Topf, M. (1994), \u201cSafety discipline: a contructive approach\u201d, Journal of Occupational Hazards, Vol. 54, pp. 51\u20104."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b89","unstructured":"Regueira, G.C.D. (1994), Disciplina positiva en las organizaciones (Positive Discipline in Organizations), CDR Ediciones, Madrid."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reiss, A.J. (1984), \u201cSelecting strategies for social control over organizational life\u201d, in Hawkins, K. and Thomas, J.M. (Eds), Enforcing Regulation, Kluwer\u2010Nijhoff, Boston, MA, pp. 23\u201035.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-5297-8_2"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b91","unstructured":"Robinson, S.L. and Bennett, R.J. (1997), \u201cWorkplace deviance: its definition, its manifestations, and its causes\u201d, in Lewicki, R.J., Bies, R.J. and Sheppard, B.H. (Eds), Research on Negotiation in Organizations, Jai Press Inc., Greenwich, CT, pp. 3\u201027."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, S.L. and Bennett, R.J. (1995), \u201cA typology of deviant workplace behaviors: a multidimensional scaling study\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38, pp. 555\u201072.","DOI":"10.5465\/256693"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronan, W.W., Latham, G.P. and Kinne, S.B. (1973), \u201cEffects of goal setting and supervision of worker behavior in an industrial situation\u201d, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 58, pp. 302\u20107.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0036303"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaan, J.L. (1988), \u201cHow to control a joint venture even as a minority partner\u201d, Journal of General Management, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 4\u201016.","DOI":"10.1177\/030630708801400101"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schnake, M.E. (1986), \u201cVicarious punishment in a work setting\u201d, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 71, pp. 343\u20105.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.71.2.343"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schrag, C. (1954), \u201cLeadership among prison inmates\u201d, American Sociological Review, Vol. 19, pp. 37\u201042.","DOI":"10.2307\/2088170"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b97","unstructured":"Seligman, M. (1975), Helplessness, Freeman, San Francisco, CA."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Settoon, R.P., Bennett, N. and Liden, R.C. (1996), \u201cSocial exchange in organizations: perceived organizational support, leader\u2010member exchange, and employee reciprocity\u201d, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 81, pp. 219\u201027.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.81.3.219"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b99","unstructured":"Simons, R. (1995), Levels of Control, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sieh, E.W. (1987), \u201cGarment workers: perceptions of inequity and employee theft\u201d, British Journal of Criminology, Vol. 27, pp. 174\u201091.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bjc.a047661"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpson, S.S. (2002), Corporate Crime, Law, and Social Control, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511606281"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skarlicki, D.P. and Latham, G.P. (1996), \u201cIncreasing citizenship behavior within a labor union: a test of organizational justice theory\u201d, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 81, pp. 161\u20109.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.81.2.161"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skarlicki, D.P. and Folger, R. (1997), \u201cRetaliation in the workplace: the roles of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice\u201d, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 82, pp. 434\u201043.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.82.3.434"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, C.G. and Tannembaum, A.S. (1963), \u201cOrganizational control structure: a comparative analysis\u201d, Human Relation, Vol. 16, pp. 299\u2010316.","DOI":"10.1177\/001872676301600401"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spector, P. (1986), \u201cPerceived control by employees: a meta\u2010analysis of studies concerning autonomy and participation at work\u201d, Human Relations, Vol. 39, pp. 1005\u201016.","DOI":"10.1177\/001872678603901104"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tepper, B.J. (2000), \u201cConsequences of abusive supervision\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 43, pp. 178\u201090.","DOI":"10.2307\/1556375"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b107","unstructured":"The Straits Times (2000), \u201cCyberslackers at work\u201d, The Straits Times, Vol. 4."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toki, K. (1935), \u201cF\u00fchrer\u2010Gefolgschaftsstruktur in der Schulklasse\u201d, (\u201cLeader\u2010follower structure in school classes\u201d), Japanese Journal of Psychology, Vol. 10, pp. 27\u201056.","DOI":"10.4992\/jjpsy.10.27"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b109","unstructured":"Tompkins, P.K. and Cheney, G. (1985), \u201cCommunication and unobtrusive control in contemporary organizations\u201d, in McPhee, R.D. and Tompkins, P.K. (Eds), Organizational Communication: Traditional Themes and New Directions, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA, pp. 179\u2010210."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trahan, W.A. and Steiner, D.D. (1994), \u201cFactors affecting supervisors' use of disciplinary actions following poor performance\u201d, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 15, pp. 129\u201039.","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030150203"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tucker, J. (1993), \u201cEveryday forms of employee resistance\u201d, Sociological Forum, Vol. 8, pp. 25\u201045.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01112329"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b112","unstructured":"Tucker, R.C. (1981), Politics as Leadership, University of Missouri Press, Columbia, MO."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b113","unstructured":"Tyler, T.R. and Bies, R.J. (1990), \u201cBeyond formal procedures: the interpersonal context of procedural justice\u201d, in Carroll, J.S. (Ed.), Applied Social Psychology in Business Settings, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b114","unstructured":"Tyler, T.R. and Blader, S.L. (2000), Cooperation in Groups: Procedural Justice, Social Identity, and Behavioral Engagement, Psychology Press, Philadelphia, PA."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vardi, Y. and Weiner, Y. (1996), \u201cMisbehavior in organizations: a motivational framework\u201d, Organizational Science, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 151\u201065.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.7.2.151"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vardi, Y. (2001), \u201cThe effects of organizational and ethical climates on misconduct at work\u201d, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 29, pp. 325\u201037.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010710022834"},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b117","unstructured":"Verton, D. (2000), \u201cEmployers ok with e\u2010surfing\u201d, Computerworld, Vol. 34 No. 1, p. 16."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b118","unstructured":"Wallace, P. (1999), The Psychology of the Internet, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b119","unstructured":"Ward, C. and Dugger, J.C. (2000), \u201cThe impact of quality training on stress, anxiety and fear in the workplace\u201d, Journal of School of Engineering Technology, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 2\u20106."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b120","unstructured":"White, R. and Lippitt, R. (1960), \u201cAutocracy and Democracy\u201d, Dynamics: Research and Theory, Harper & Row, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_b121","unstructured":"White, R. and Lippitt, R. (1968), \u201cLeader behavior and member reaction in three social climates\u201d, Group Dynamics: Research and Theory, Harper & Row, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_frd1","unstructured":"Blalock, H.M. (1987), \u201cA power analysis of conflict processes\u201d, in Edward Lawler, J. and Markovsky, B. (Eds), Advances in Group Processes,Vol. 4, pp. 1\u201040."},{"key":"key2022031819442436800_frd2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"House, R.J. (1996), \u201cPath\u2010goal theory of leadership: lessons, legacy, and a reformulated theory\u201d, Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 7, pp. 323\u201052.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1048-9843(96)90024-7"}],"container-title":["Internet Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/10662240610690052","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/10662240610690052\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/10662240610690052\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:40:10Z","timestamp":1753400410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/intr\/article\/16\/4\/450-467\/187428"}},"subtitle":["A study of the effects of coercive strategies on workplace Internet misuse"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/10662240610690052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/10662240610690052","relation":{},"ISSN":["1066-2243"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1066-2243","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]}}}