{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:53:55Z","timestamp":1754157235389,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]],"date-time":"2006-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1159660800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper aims to assist investigators and attorneys addressing the legal aspects of cyber incidents, and allow them to determine the legality of a response to cyber attacks by using the Worldwide web securely.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>Develop a decision support legal whiteboard that graphically constructs legal arguments as a decision tree. The tree is constructed using a tree of questions and appending legal documents to substantiate the answers that are known to hold in anticipated legal challenges.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The tool allows participating group of attorneys to meet in cyberspace in real time and construct a legal argument graphically by using a decision tree. They can construct sub\u2010parts of the tree from their own legal domains. Because diverse legal domains use different nomenclatures, this tool provides the user the capability to index and search legal documents using a complex international legal ontology that goes beyond the traditional LexisNexis\u2010like legal databases. This ontology itself can be created using the tool from distributed locations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This tool has been fine\u2010tuned through numerous interviews with attorneys teaching and practicing in the area of cyber crime, cyber espionage, and military operations in cyberspace. It can be used to guide forensic experts and law enforcement personnel during their active responses and off\u2010line examinations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/10662240610710969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,15]],"date-time":"2007-01-15T13:49:35Z","timestamp":1168868975000},"page":"475-490","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An ontology\u2010based distributed whiteboard to determine legal responses to online cyber attacks"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Leisheng","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duminda","family":"Wijesekera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas C.","family":"Wingfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James B.","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022031320035393100_b9","unstructured":"Michael, J.B. (2002), \u201cOn the response policy of software decoys: conducting software\u2010based deception in the cyber battlespace\u201d, Proceedings of the 26th Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference, IEEE, Vol. 8, pp. 957\u201062."},{"key":"key2022031320035393100_frg1","unstructured":"Curran, K. and Higgins, L. (2000), \u201cA legal information retrieval system\u201d, The Journal of Information, Law and Technology, Vol. 3, available at: www2.warwick.ac.uk\/fac\/soc\/law\/elj\/jilt\/2000_3\/curran\/."},{"key":"key2022031320035393100_frg2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duguid, S., Edwards, L. and Kingston, J. (2001), \u201cA web\u2010based decision support system for divorce lawyers\u201d, Journal of Law, Computers & Technology, Vol. 15 No. 3, pp. 265\u201080.","DOI":"10.1080\/13600860220108085"},{"key":"key2022031320035393100_frg3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gangemi, A., Prisco, A., Sagri, M.\u2010T., Steve, G. and Tiscornia, D. (2003), \u201cSome ontological tools to support legal regulatory compliance, with a case study\u201d, Proceedings of the Workshop on Regulatory Ontologies and the Modeling of Complaint Regulations, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2889\/2003, pp. 607\u201020.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-39962-9_64"},{"key":"key2022031320035393100_frg4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hafner, C. (2001), \u201cLegal reasoning models\u201d, in Hafner, C. (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-08-043076-7\/00586-6"},{"key":"key2022031320035393100_frg5","unstructured":"Hafner, C. and Berman, D. (2002), \u201cThe role of context in case\u2010based legal reasoning: teleological, temporal and procedural\u201d, Artificial Intelligence and Law, Vol. 10 Nos 1\u20103, pp. 19\u201064."},{"key":"key2022031320035393100_frg6","unstructured":"Hall, M.J.J., Stranieri, A. and Zeleznikow, J. (2002), \u201cA strategy for evaluating web\u2010based discretionary decision support systems\u201d, Proceedings of the 6th East\u2010European Conference Advances in Data Information Systems, Vol. 1, pp. 108\u201020."},{"key":"key2022031320035393100_frg7","unstructured":"Huygen, P. (2002), \u201cUse of Bayesian belief networks in legal reasoning\u201d, Proceedings of the 7th British and Irish Legal Education Technology Association Conference. Available at: http:\/\/cli.vu\/pubdirectory\/67\/manuscript.pdf."},{"key":"key2022031320035393100_frg8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsh, E. and Rifkin, J. (2003), \u201cOnline dispute resolution: resolving conflicts in cyberspace\u201d, Artificial Intelligence and Law, Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 69\u201075.","DOI":"10.1023\/B:ARTI.0000013403.91418.92"},{"key":"key2022031320035393100_frg9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael, J.B. and Wingfield, T.C. (2003), \u201cLawful cyber decoy policy\u201d, Proceedings of the IFIP 18th International Information Security Conference, May 2003, pp. 483\u20108.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-35691-4_50"},{"key":"key2022031320035393100_frg10","unstructured":"Muntjewerff, A.J. (1994), \u201cAutomated training of legal reasoning\u201d, Pre\u2010proceedings of the 9th British & Irish Legal Education Technology Association Conference, CTI Law Technology Center, University of Warwick, pp. 57\u201061."},{"key":"key2022031320035393100_frg11","unstructured":"Muntjewerff, A.J., Jordaans, A., Hoekstra, R. and Leenes, R. (2002), \u201cCase analysis and storage environment CASE\u201d, Legal Knowledge and Information Systems: Jurix 2002, IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp. 1\u201010."},{"key":"key2022031320035393100_frg12","unstructured":"Randall, V. 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