{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:53:44Z","timestamp":1754157224525,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,1]],"date-time":"1999-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":925516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article examines the changing role of community network associations or \u201cfreenets\u201d in providing Internet access by examining the case of the Calgary Community Network Association (CCNA) located in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The changing role of the CCNA is examined against the backdrop of the withdrawal of states from the telecommunications field, the priorities of the Canadian government, and the role of the private sector. Community networks may ultimately focus on persons who do not have computers, while advertising supported services may attract those with computers who may not wish or cannot afford to pay a commercial Internet Service Provider (ISP).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1108\/10662249910264855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T02:08:10Z","timestamp":1027735690000},"page":"100-108","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The changing role of community networks in providing citizen access to the Internet"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Thomas P.","family":"Keenan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Mitchell Trotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b1","unstructured":"2B1 (1999), Mission, 2B1 Foundation, January 6, [http:\/\/ www.2b1.org\/mission.tml]"},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b2","unstructured":"Calgary Community Network Association (CCNA) (1998a), \u201cThe Info\u2010Age Passport Project\u201d, Calgary Community Network Association, Calgary, Canada, July 15, [http:\/\/www.calcna.ab.ca\/populati\/communit\/pats\/passport.html]"},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b3","unstructured":"Calgary Community Network Association (CCNA) (1998b), \u201cPublic Access Terminals\u201d, Calgary Community Network Association, Calgary, Canada, July 15, [http:\/\/www. calcna.ab.ca\/populati\/ communit\/pats]"},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b4","unstructured":"Calgary Community Network Association (CCNA) (1998c), \u201cThe Calgary Community Network Association Would Like to Thank\u201d, Calgary Community Network Association, Calgary, Canada, July 17, [http:\/\/www.calcna. ab.ca\/classes\/donors\/donors.html]"},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b5","unstructured":"Calgary Community Network Association (CCNA) (1998d), \u201cEducating and Assisting nonprofit and Charitable Organizations\u201d, Calgary Community Network Association, Calgary, Canada, July 20, [http:\/\/www.calcna. ab.a\/funds\/iapage_4.htm]"},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b6","unstructured":"Calgary Community Network Association (CCNA) (1998e), \u201cWhere Do We Go from Here?\u201d, Calgary Community Network Association, Calgary, Canada, July 20, [http:\/\/www.calcna.ab.a\/funds\/iapage_6.htm]"},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b7","unstructured":"Calgary Community Network Association (CCNA) (1998f), \u201cYear 2 \u2010 1999\u201d, Calgary Community Network Association, Calgary, Canada, July 20, [http:\/\/www.calcna. ab.a\/funds\/iapage_7.htm]"},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b8","unstructured":"Calgary Community Network Association (CCNA) (1998g), \u201cYear 3 \u2010 2000\u201d, Calgary Community Network Association, Calgary, Canada, July 20, [http:\/\/www.calcna. ab.a\/funds\/iapage_8.htm]"},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b9","unstructured":"Calgary Community Network Association (CCNA) (1999a), \u201cAbout the Calgary Community\u2010Net\u201d, Calgary, Community Network Association, Calgary, Canada, January 6, [http:\/\/www.calcna.ab.a\/pubworks\/ about.html]"},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b10","unstructured":"Calgary Community Network Association (CCNA) (1999b), \u201cCalgary Community\u2010Net Association Membership\u201d, Calgary Community Network Association, Calgary, Canada, January 7, [http:\/\/www.calcna.ab.a\/\npubworks\/free\u2010net\/access_membership.html]"},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b11","unstructured":"Canadian Internet Marketplace (1998a), \u201cTable 11: Total Canadian Internet Dial\u2010Up Penetration by Province 1998\u201d, 11 Corinfo Research and Information Services, North Bay, Canada, July 14, [http:\/\/www.prophead.net\/tableb.tm]"},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b12","unstructured":"Canadian Internet Marketplace (1998b), \u201cTable 12: Canadian Internet Dial\u2010Up Households by Household Income 1998\u201d, 11 Corinfo Research and Information Services, North Bay, Canada, July 14, [http:\/\/www.prophead.net\/tablec.tm]"},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b13","unstructured":"Community Access Program (CAP) (1998), \u201cCommunity Access Program Information\u201d, Community Access Program, Fredericton, Canada, July 14, [http:\/\/cap.unb.ca\/abountcap\/info]"},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b14","unstructured":"CRTC (Canadian Radio, Television and Telecommunications Commission) (1998), \u201cTelephone Service to High Cost Servicing Areas, What Do You Think?\u201d, Canadian Radio, Television and Telecommunications Commission, Ottawa, Canada, August 5, [http:\/\/www.crtc.gc.a\/eng\/news\/releases\/1998\/i980420e.html]"},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b15","unstructured":"Cybersurf (1998), Cybersurf Press Release, Cybersurf Corp, Calgary, Canada, July 27, [http:\/\/www.cybersurf.net\/ase\/080698.tm]"},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b16","unstructured":"Duvall, M. (1995a), \u201cCalgarians can link up with world \u2010 free\u201d, Calgary Herald, February 4, p. A1."},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b17","unstructured":"Duvall, M. (1995b), \u201cCalgarians clamor to join local freenet\u201d, Calgary Herald,February 9, p. C12."},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b18","unstructured":"Duvall, M. (1995c), \u201cFreenet users will have to pay\u201d, Calgary Herald, November 23, p. C6."},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b19","unstructured":"Duvall, M. (1996), \u201cCalgary free\u2010net cheers landmark court decision\u201d, Calgary Herald, July 11, p. D8."},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b20","unstructured":"FourtuneCity (1998), \u201cFourtuneCity: 20MB Free Web Space and Free E\u2010mail\u201d, FourtuneCity Inc., New York, NY, August 8, [http:\/\/www2.fourtunecity.com\/ cgi\u2010bin\/homepage\/estate.l?referer=mainpage]"},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b21","unstructured":"FourtuneCity (1999), \u201cFourtuneCity Page Content Guidelines\u201d, FourtuneCity Inc., New York, NY, January 7, [http:\/\/www.fortunecity.com\/guidelines.tml]"},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b22","unstructured":"General Accounting Office (GAO) (1994), Information Superhighway, Issues Affecting Development (GAO\/RCED\u201094\u2010285), General Accounting Office, Washington, DC."},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b23","unstructured":"Geocities (1998), \u201cGeocities \u2010 The Largest Community of the Web\u201d, Geocities, Marina del Rey, CA, August 8, [http:\/\/www.geocities.com]"},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b24","unstructured":"Hotmail (1998), \u201cWho Should Sign Up?\u201d, Hotmail Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA: August 8, [http:\/\/www.hotmail.com\/ YouShould.html]"},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b25","unstructured":"Information Highway Advisory Council (IHAC) (1995a), Access, Affordability and Universal Service on the Canadian Information Highway: Building Canada\u2019s Information and Communications Infrastructure, Information Highway Advisory Council, Ottawa, Canada."},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b26","unstructured":"Information Highway Advisory Council (IHAC) (1995b), Connection Community Content: The Challenge of the Information Highway, Information Highway Advisory Council, Ottawa, Canada."},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b27","unstructured":"Information Highway Advisory Council (IHAC) (1997), Preparing Canada for a Digital World, Information Highway Advisory Council, Ottawa, Canada."},{"key":"key2022021019425614900_b28","unstructured":"Knapp, S. 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