{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:53:45Z","timestamp":1754157225734,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,1]],"date-time":"1999-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":933465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Internet environment, with its packet\u2010switched network and lack of resource reservation mechanisms, has made the delivery of low bit\u2010rate real\u2010time communication services particularly difficult and challenging. The high potential transmission delay and data packet loss under varying network conditions will lead to unpleasant and unintelligible audio and jerky video play\u2010out. The Internet TCP\/IP protocol suite can be extended with new mechanisms in an attempt to tackle such problems. In this research, an integrated transmission mechanism that incorporates a number of existing techniques to enhance the quality and deliver \u201cacceptable\u201d real\u2010time services is proposed. These techniques include the use of data compression, data buffering, dynamic rate control, packet lost replacement, silence deletion and virtual video play\u2010out mechanism. The proposed transmission mechanism is designed as a generic communication system so that it can be used in different systems and conditions. This approach has been successfully implemented and demonstrated using three separate systems that include the Internet Phone, WebVideo and video\u2010conferencing tool.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1108\/10662249910274610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T02:08:10Z","timestamp":1027735690000},"page":"212-224","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Enhancing the quality of low bit\u2010rate real\u2010time Internet communication services"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Schubert","family":"Foo Siu Cheung Hui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"See","family":"Wai Yip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b1","unstructured":"Bolot, J.C. and Turletti, T. (1994), \u201cA rate control for packet video in the Internet\u201d, Proc. IEEE INFOCOM \u201894, June, Toronto, pp. 1216\u20101223."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b2","unstructured":"Bolot, J.C. and Turletti, T. (1996), \u201cAdaptive error control for packet video in the Internet\u201d, Proc. ICIP \u201896, Lausanne, Switzerland, 16\u201019 September."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b3","unstructured":"Bunzel, M.J. and Morris, S.K. (1994), Multimedia Applications Development: Using Indeo Video and Dvi Technology, McGraw\u2010Hill, New York."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Busse, J., Deffner, B. and Schulzrinne, H. (1996), \u201cDynamic QoS control of multimedia applications based on RTP\u201d, Computer Communications, January, pp. 49\u201058.","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-3664(95)01038-6"},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b5","unstructured":"Campbell, J.P. and Tremain, Jr, T.E. (1986), \u201cVoiced\/unvoiced classification of speech with applications to the US Government LPC\u201010E algorithm\u201d, Proc. of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b6","unstructured":"CCITT Plenary Assembly (1984 (8th:1984: Malaga (Spain) and Torremolinos (Spain)), \u201cDigital networks: transmission systems and multiplexing equipment: recommendations G.700\u2010G.956\u201d, VIIIth Plenary Assembly, Malaga\u2010Torremolinos, 8\u201019 October, Geneva, International Telecommunication Union."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b7","unstructured":"Chin, K.V., Hui, S.C. and Foo, S. (1997), \u201cAn Internet telephone software system for real\u2010time voice communication\u201d, International Journal of Computer and Engineering Management, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 37\u201052."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Claypool, M. and Riedl, J. (1994), \u201cSilence is golden? The effects of silence deletion on the CPU load on an audio conference\u201d, Proc. Int. Conf. on Multimedia Computing and System, 14\u201019 May, Bosta, MA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MMCS.1994.292427"},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b9","unstructured":"Comer, D.E. (1995), Internetworking with TCP\/IP, Volume 1, Prentice\u2010Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b10","unstructured":"Cornell University (1999), Cu\u2010SeeMe, online document available at <URL: http:\/\/cu\u2010seeme.cornell.edu>."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b11","unstructured":"Foley, J.D., Dam, A., Feiner S.K. and Hughes, J.F. (1996), Computer Graphics: Principle and Practice, Addison\u2010Wesley Publishing Company, Singapore."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foo, S. and Hui, S.C. (1998), \u201cA framework for evaluating Internet telephony systems\u201d, Internet Research, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 14\u201025.","DOI":"10.1108\/10662249810368851"},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b13","unstructured":"Foo, S., Chin, K.V. and Hui, S.C. (1996), \u201cAn approach to real\u2010time voice communications over the Internet\u201d, Proc. of 1996 International Symposium on New Transmission and Switching Technologies, Kunming, China, September, pp. 489\u201092."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b14","unstructured":"Hardman V., Sasse M.A., Handley M. and Watsib A. (1995), Reliable Audio for Use over the Internet, University College London.."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b15","unstructured":"Hui, S.C., Foo, S., Leong, P.C. and Liu, S. (1997), \u201cOnline service advisory system over the Internet\u201d, Nanyang Technological University, School of Applied Science, Progress Reports for MASTEC, No. 1\u201012, January\u2010December."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b16","unstructured":"Hui, S.C., Foo, S. and Yip, S.W. (1998), \u201cA Web video for delivering live video over the World Wide Web\u201d, Nanyang Technological University, School of Applied Science, Technical Report TR\/01\/98."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b17","unstructured":"I\u2010ETS: European Telecommunications Standards Institute (1992), European Digital Cellular Telecommunications System (Phase 1); Full\u2010rate Speech Transcoding (GSM 06.10), I\u2010ETS 300 036, February."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b18","unstructured":"IRIS Systems (1999), Iris Internet Video Phone, online document available at <URL: http:\/\/www.irisphone.com>."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b19","unstructured":"ISO\/IEC International Standard 11172\u20101 (1993), Information Technology \u2010 Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio and Digital Storage Media at up to 1.5 Mbits\/s, in 3 parts: Part 1: System, Part 2: Video, Part 3: Audio."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b20","unstructured":"ITU: International Telecommnication Union (1996), Draft ITU\u2010T Recommendation H.323, 28 May."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanakia, H., Mishra, P. and Reibman, A. (1993), \u201cAn adaptive congestion control scheme for real\u2010time packet video transport\u201d, Proc. ACM Sigcomm \u201893, San Francisco, CA, September, pp. 20\u201031.","DOI":"10.1145\/166237.166240"},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b22","unstructured":"Liu, S., Hui, S.C., Foo, S. and Leong, P.C. (1998), \u201cOnline multilingual translation of technical service reports over the World Wide Web\u201d, International Journal of Computer and Engineering Management, Vol. 6 No.2, pp. 8\u201022."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b23","unstructured":"Microsoft Corporation (1999), NetMeeting 2.0, online document available at <URL: http:\/\/www.microsoft. com\/netmeeting>."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b24","unstructured":"Netscape Communications (1999), CoolTalk 1.0, online document available at <URL: http;\/\/www.netscape. com\/>."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b25","unstructured":"Netspeak Corporation (1999), WebPhone, online document available at <URL: http:\/\/www.netspeak.com>."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b26","unstructured":"Pennebaker, W.B. and Mitchell, J. L. (1993), JPEG Still Image Data Compression Standard, Van Nostrand Reinhold.."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b27","unstructured":"RealNetworks Inc. (1999), RealPlayer Plus 5.0, online document available at <URL: http:\/\/www.real.com\/plus\/ index.tml>."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b28","unstructured":"Schuizrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R. and Jacobson, V. (1996), RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real\u2010Time Applications. Audio\u2010Video Transport Working Group, RFC 1889."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b29","unstructured":"VDOnet Corporation (1999), VDOPhone, online document available at <URL: http:\/\/www.vdo.net>."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b30","unstructured":"VocalTec Communications Ltd (1999), Internet Phone, online document available at <URL: http:\/\/www.vocaltec. com>."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b31","unstructured":"University of Ulm (1999), Web Media, online document available at <URL: http:\/\/www\u2010vs.informatik.uni\u2010ulm.e\/soft\/wv\/>."},{"key":"key2022012120033406900_b32","unstructured":"Walker, J. (1999), Speak Freely, online document available at <URL: http:\/\/www.fourmilab.ch\/speakfree\/windows\/ speak_freely.tm\/>"}],"container-title":["Internet Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/10662249910274610","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/10662249910274610\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/10662249910274610\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:41:01Z","timestamp":1753400461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/intr\/article\/9\/3\/212-224\/178893"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/10662249910274610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/10662249910274610","relation":{},"ISSN":["1066-2243"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1066-2243"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,1]]}}}