{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T02:17:05Z","timestamp":1768616225107,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,1]],"date-time":"2005-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1112313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>During the last 15 years, knowledge management (KM) has changed from one generation to the next through constant improvements and new perspectives. A myriad researchers have presented methodologies, frameworks, technologies and have discussed various KM theoretical and practical issues. However, KM still needs extensive development \u2013 it is in its infancy. This paper aims to explore the world of KM in a different way; to review the current status quo and analyze the main agreements and disagreements among researchers and practitioners in order to highlight the key issues which need to be further researched.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>The authors attempt to review and analyze in a coherent way the main agreements and disagreements among researchers and practitioners \u2013 in the field of KM \u2013 based on a wide range of published works, including papers, books, reports and web sites.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Based on the key agreements among researchers and practitioners and having in mind the remaining disagreements, the third KM generation should proceed to further investigation of several KM issues and to further research.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>The key issues highlighted here need to be researched further. Following on from the individual\u2010knowledge focus of the 1970s\/1980s and the group\u2010knowledge focus of the 1990s\/2000s, the third KM generation should: develop criteria for evaluating frameworks, methodologies and approaches, and systems for measuring knowledge, intellectual capital and other assets; include double\u2010loop learning; analyse investments and costs of KM Systems; use modern technologies for transfer of explicit knowledge; and apply KM to other areas of social life. There is also a need to clarify the meanings of differences between the various concepts discussed here.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>The distinguishing feature of this study is that it emphasizes placing KM in a broader context of researchers\/practitioners\u2019 discussions so that the key issues can be better recognized and understood.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270510590182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,11]],"date-time":"2005-04-11T19:54:09Z","timestamp":1113249249000},"page":"6-18","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Exploring the world of knowledge management: agreements and disagreements in the academic\/practitioner community"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kostas","family":"Metaxiotis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kostas","family":"Ergazakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"John","family":"Psarras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alavi, M. and Leidner, D. (1999), \u201cKnowledge management systems: issues, challenges and benefits\u201d, Communications of the Association for Information Systems, Vol. 1 No. 7.","DOI":"10.17705\/1CAIS.00107"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b2","unstructured":"Andersen Consulting (2000), \u201cCollaboration and knowledge management\u201d, available at www.ac.com:80\/services\/knowledge\/km_home.html."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apostolou, D. and Mentzas, G. (1998), \u201dManaging corporate knowledge: a comparative analysis of experiences in consulting firms\u201d, 2nd International Conference on Practical Aspects of Knowledge Management, Basel, 29\u201030 October.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1441(199912)6:4<238::AID-KPM64>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b4","unstructured":"Argyris, C. and Schon, D. (1978), Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective, Addison\u2010Wesley, Reading, MA."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b5","unstructured":"Beckman, T. (1998), \u201cKnowledge management seminar notes\u201d, ITESM, Monterrey."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b6","unstructured":"Bell, D. (1978), The Cultural Contradiction of Capitalism, Heinemann, London."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatt, G. (2001), \u201cKnowledge management in organizations: examining the interaction between technologies, techniques and people\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 68\u201075.","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270110384419"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolloju, N., Khalifa, M. and Turban, E. (2002), \u201cIntegrating knowledge management into enterprise environments for the next generation decision support\u201d, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 33, pp. 163\u201076.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(01)00142-7"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carneiro, A. (2001), \u201cThe role of intelligent resources in knowledge management\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 5 No. 4, pp. 358\u201067.","DOI":"10.1108\/EUM0000000006533"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chauvel, D. and Despres, C. (2002), \u201cA review of survey research in knowledge management: 1997\u20102001\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 207\u201023.","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270210434322"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choo, C. (1996), \u201cThe knowing organization: how organizations use information to construct meaning, create knowledge and make decisions\u201d, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 16 No. 5.","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-4012(96)00020-5"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chua, A. (2003), \u201cA framework for knowledge management implementation\u201d, Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 79\u201086.","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219649203000279"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook, S. and Yanow, D. (1993), \u201cCulture and organizational learning\u201d, Journal of Management Inquiry, Vol. 2 No. 4, pp. 373\u201090.","DOI":"10.1177\/105649269324010"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Courtney, J. (2001), \u201cDecision making and knowledge management in inquiring organizations: toward a new decision\u2010making paradigm for DSS\u201d, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 31 No. 1, pp. 17\u201038.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(00)00117-2"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b15","unstructured":"Darlington, K. (1999), The Essence of Expert Systems, Prentice\u2010Hall International, London."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b16","unstructured":"Davenport, T. (1995), \u201cThe fad that forgot people\u201d, Fast Company Magazine, Vol. 1, available at www.fastcompany.com\/online\/01\/reengin.html."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b17","unstructured":"Davenport, T. and Prusak, L. (1998), Working Knowledge: Managing What Your Organisation Knows, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b18","unstructured":"Davenport, T., DeLong, D. and Beers, M. (1998), \u201cSuccessful knowledge management projects\u201d, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 39 No. 2, pp. 43\u201057."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b19","unstructured":"De Jarnett, L. (1996), \u201cKnowledge \u2013 the latest thing\u201d, Information Strategy, The Executive's Journal, Vol. 12, pp. 3\u20105."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demarest, M. (1997), \u201cUnderstanding knowledge management\u201d, Journal of Long Range Planning, Vol. 30 No. 3, pp. 374\u201084.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-6301(97)90250-8"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edenius, M. and Borgerson, J. (2003), \u201cTo manage knowledge by intranet\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 7 No. 5, pp. 124\u201036.","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270310505430"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ergazakis, K., Karnezis, K., Metaxiotis, K. and Psarras, I. (2004), \u201cKnowledge management in enterprises: a research agenda\u201d, International Journal of Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance & Management (accepted paper, under publication).","DOI":"10.1002\/isaf.228"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b23","unstructured":"Ernst & Young (1997), \u201cInnovation in action \u2013 selling knowledge on the net, perspectives on business innovation \u2013 managing organizational knowledge, available at: www.businessinnovation.ey.com\/journal\/features\/whykno\/body.html."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b24","unstructured":"European KM Forum (n.d.), IST Project, No. 2000\u201026393, available at: www.knowledgeboard.com\/library\/ekmf_scenarios_full.pdf."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b25","unstructured":"Foucault, M. (1980), Power\/Knowledge, Pantheon, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fowler, A. (2000), \u201cThe role of AI\u2010based technology in support of the knowledge management value activity cycle\u201d, Journal of Strategic Information Systems, Vol. 9, pp. 107\u201028.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0963-8687(00)00041-X"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gottschalk, P. and Khandelwal, V. (2003), \u201cDeterminants of knowledge management technology projects in Australian law firms\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 92\u2010105.","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270310492976"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, R. (1997), \u201cThe knowledge\u2010based view of the firm: implications for management practice\u201d, Long Range Planning, Vol. 30 No. 3, pp. 450\u20105.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-6301(97)00025-3"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b29","unstructured":"Habermas, J. (1972), Knowledge and Human Interests, Heinemann, London."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasan, H. and Gould, E. (2003), \u201cActivity\u2010based knowledge management systems\u201d, Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 107\u201015.","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219649203000048"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b31","unstructured":"Hayek, F. (1945), \u201cThe uses of knowledge in society\u201d, American Economic Review, Vol. 35, pp. 1\u201018."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b32","unstructured":"Henry, J. and Walker, D. (1991), Managing Innovation, Sage, London."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b33","unstructured":"Holsapple, C. and Joshi, K. (1997), \u201cKnowledge management: a threefold framework\u201d, Kentucky Initiative for Knowledge Management, Paper No. 104."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b34","unstructured":"Holsapple, C.W. and Joshi, K.D. (1999), \u201cDescription and analysis of existing knowledge management frameworks\u201d, Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, 5\u20108 January."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holsapple, C.W. and Joshi, K.D. (2000), \u201cAn investigation of factors that influence the management of knowledge in organizations\u201d, Journal of Strategic Information Systems, Vol. 9, pp. 235\u201061.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0963-8687(00)00046-9"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holsapple, C.W. and Joshi, K.D. (2002), \u201cKnowledge manipulation activities: results of a Delphi study\u201d, Information & Management, Vol. 39, pp. 477\u201090.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(01)00109-4"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b37","unstructured":"Ignizio, J.P. (1991), Introduction to Expert Systems, McGraw\u2010Hill, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kakabadse, N., Kakabadse, A. and Kouzmin, A. (2003), \u201cReviewing the knowledge management literature: towards a taxonomy\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 75\u201091.","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270310492967"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b39","unstructured":"Kuhn, T. (1970), The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd. ed., University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan Sia, C. and Al\u2010Hawamdeh, S. (2003), \u201cTaxonomy\u2010building tools: an investigative study\u201d, Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 63\u201077.","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219649203000267"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b41","unstructured":"Leonard, D. (1999), Wellsprings of Knowledge \u2013 Building and Sustaining the Sources of Innovation, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levine, P. and Pomerol, J. (1989), \u201cKnowledge representation by schemata in financial expert systems\u201d, Theory and Decision, Vol. 27, pp. 147\u201061.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00133993"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, S. (2003), \u201cKnowledge management technologies and applications \u2013 literature review from 1995 to 2002\u201d, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 25, pp. 155\u201064.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0957-4174(03)00043-5"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b44","unstructured":"Liebowitz, J. (1999), The Knowledge Management Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b45","unstructured":"Liebowitz, J. (2000), Building Organizational Intelligence: A Knowledge Management Primer, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liebowitz, J. (2001), \u201cKnowledge management and its links to artificial intelligence\u201d, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 20, pp. 1\u20106.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0957-4174(00)00044-0"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b47","unstructured":"Liebowitz, J. and Beckman, T. (1998), Knowledge Organizations: What Every Manager Should Know, St Lucie\/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liebowitz, J. and Megbolugbe, I. (2003), \u201cA set of frameworks to aid the project manager in conceptualizing and implementing knowledge management initiatives\u201d, International Journal of Project Management, Vol. 21, pp. 189\u201098.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-7863(02)00093-5"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindvall, K., Rus, I. and Sinha, S. (2003), \u201cSoftware systems support for knowledge management\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 7 No. 5, pp. 137\u201050.","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270310505449"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lytras, M.D. and Pouloudi, A. (2003), \u201cProject management as a knowledge management primer: the learning infrastructure in knowledge\u2010intensive organizations: projects as knowledge transformations and beyond\u201d, The Learning Organization, Vol. 10 No. 4, pp. 237\u201050.","DOI":"10.1108\/09696470310476007"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McAdam, R. and Reid, R. (2001), \u201cSME and large organization perceptions of knowledge management: comparisons and contrasts\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 231\u201041.","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270110400870"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maier, R. and Remus, U. (2003), \u201cImplementing process\u2010oriented knowledge management strategies\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 62\u201074.","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270310492958"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b53","unstructured":"Marshall, A. (1965), Principles of Economics, Macmillan, London."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b54","unstructured":"Metaxiotis, K. and Psarras, J. (2003), \u201cApplying knowledge management in higher education: the creation of a learning organisation\u201d, Journal of Information and Knowledge Management, Vol. 2 No. 4, pp. 1\u20107."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metaxiotis, K., Psarras, J. and Papastefanatos, S. (2002), \u201cKnowledge and information management in e\u2010learning environments: the user agent architecture\u201d, Information Management & Computer Security, Vol. 10 No. 4, pp. 165\u201070.","DOI":"10.1108\/09685220210436958"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metaxiotis, K., Ergazakis, K., Samouilidis, E. and Psarras, J. (2003), \u201cDecision support through knowledge management: the role of the artificial intelligence\u201d, International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 101\u20106.","DOI":"10.1504\/IJCAT.2004.003641"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moffett, S., McAdam, R. and Parkinson, S. (2003), \u201cAn empirical analysis of knowledge management applications\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 6\u201026.","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270310485596"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mui, G. and McCarthy, W. (1987), \u201cFSA: applying AI techniques to the familiarization phase of financial decision making\u201d, IEEE Expert, Vol. 2, pp. 33\u201041.","DOI":"10.1109\/MEX.1987.4307089"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nemati, H., Steiger, D., Iyer, L. and Herschel, R. (2002), \u201cKnowledge warehouse: an architectural integration of knowledge management, decision support, artificial intelligence and data warehousing\u201d, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 33, pp. 143\u201061.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(01)00141-5"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nonaka, I. (1994), \u201cA dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 5, pp. 14\u201037.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.5.1.14"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nonaka, I. and Takeuchi, H. (1995), The Knowledge\u2010Creating Company, Oxford University Press, Oxford.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195092691.001.0001"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b62","unstructured":"O'Dell, C. (1996), \u201cA current review of knowledge management best practices\u201d, Conference on Knowledge Management and the Transfer of Best Practices, Business Intelligence, London."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paraponaris, C. (2003), \u201cThird generation R&D and strategies for knowledge management\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 7 No. 5, pp. 96\u2010106.","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270310505412"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pervan, G. and Ellison, R. (2003), \u201cKnowledge management practices and attitudes of IT departments: do they practise what they preach?\u201d, Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 15\u201031.","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219649203000218"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b65","unstructured":"Polyani, M. (1966), Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post\u2010Critical Philosophy, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b66","unstructured":"Prusak, L. (1998), The 11 Deadliest Sins of Knowledge Management, Butterworth\u2010Heinemann, Boston, MA."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quinn, J. (1992), Intelligent Enterprise: A Knowledge\u2010 and Service\u2010Based Paradigm for Industry, The Free Press, New York, NY.","DOI":"10.5465\/ame.1992.4274474"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quintas, P., Lefrere, P. and Jones, G. (1997), \u201cKnowledge management: a strategic agenda\u201d, Journal of Long Range Planning, Vol. 30 No. 3, pp. 385\u201091.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-6301(97)90252-1"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b69","unstructured":"Rajan, A., Lank, E. and Chapple, K. (1999), Good Practices in Knowledge Creation and Exchange, Focus Central, London."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowley, J. (2000), \u201cIs higher education ready for knowledge management?\u201d, The International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 14 No. 7, pp. 325\u201033.","DOI":"10.1108\/09513540010378978"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubenstein\u2010Montano, B., Liebowitz, J., Buchwalter, J., McCaw, D., Newman, B. and Rebeck, K. (2001a), \u201cA systems thinking framework for knowledge management\u201d, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 31 No. 1, pp. 5\u201016.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(00)00116-0"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubenstein\u2010Montano, B., Liebowitz, J., Buchwalter, J., McCaw, D., Newman, B. and Rebeck, K. (2001b), \u201cSMARTVision: a knowledge\u2010management methodology\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 5 No. 4, pp. 300\u201010.","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270110411724"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruggles, R. (1997), Tools for Knowledge Management: An Introduction, Butterworth\u2010Heinemann, Boston, MA.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7506-9849-8.50003-4"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b74","unstructured":"Senge, P. (1990), The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organisation, Doubleday, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thierauf, R. (1999), Knowledge Management Systems for Business, Quorum Books, Westport, CT.","DOI":"10.5040\/9798400675973"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsoi, S., Cheung, C. and Lee, W. (2003), \u201cKnowledge\u2010based customization of enterprise applications\u201d, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 123\u201032.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0957-4174(03)00012-5"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsoukas, H. (1996), \u201cThe firm as a distributed knowledge system: a constructionist approach\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 11\u201025.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250171104"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b78","unstructured":"Turban, E. (1998), Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, Prentice\u2010Hall International, London."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyndale, P. (2002), \u201cA taxonomy of knowledge management software tools: origins and applications\u201d, Evaluation and Program Planning, Vol. 25, pp. 183\u201090.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7189(02)00012-5"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Von Krogh, G., Ochijo, K. and Nonaka, I. (2000), Enabling Knowledge Creation, Oxford University Press, Oxford.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195126167.001.0001"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, G. (1998), Foundations of Knowledge Systems: With Applications to Databases and Agents, Kluwer Academic, Boston, MA.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5723-4"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b82","unstructured":"Weber, F., Wunram, M., Kemp, J., Pudlatz, M. and Bredehorst, B. (2002), \u201cStandardisation in knowledge management \u2013 towards a common KM framework in Europe\u201d, Proceedings of UNICOM Seminar \u201cTowards Common Approaches & Standards in KM\u201d, London, 27 February."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickert, A. and Herschel, R. (2001), \u201cKnowledge\u2010management issues for smaller businesses\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 5 No. 4, pp. 329\u201037.","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270110411751"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b84","unstructured":"Wiig, K. (1993), Knowledge Management Foundations: Thinking about Thinking \u2013 How People and Organizations Create, Represent and use Knowledge, Schema Press, Arlington, TX."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b85","unstructured":"Wiig, K. (2002), New Generation Knowledge Management: What May we Expect?, Knowledge Research Institute, Arlington, TX."},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wild, R., Griggs, K. and Downing, T. (2002), \u201cA framework for e\u2010learning as a tool for knowledge management\u201d, Industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol. 102 No. 7, pp. 371\u201080.","DOI":"10.1108\/02635570210439463"},{"key":"key2022030920011837500_b87","unstructured":"Winter, S. (1987), \u201cKnowledge and competence as strategic assets\u201d, in Teece, D.J. (Ed.), The Competitive Challenge: Strategies for Individual Innovation and Renewal, Ballinger, Cambridge, MA, pp. 159\u201084."}],"container-title":["Journal of Knowledge Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/13673270510590182","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/13673270510590182\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/13673270510590182\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:10:49Z","timestamp":1753402249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jkm\/article\/9\/2\/6-18\/264387"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,1]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/13673270510590182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/13673270510590182","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-3270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-3270","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,1]]}}}