{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T16:11:25Z","timestamp":1770480685159,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]],"date-time":"2006-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1157068800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>This paper aims to present an approach to the knowledge\u2010based economy that focuses on the developmental synergies between technology (especially information and communication technologies), culture and place (hub) as expressed in the innovative milieu of the inner city.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>This paper draws on research in city and urban planning, which emphasizes the importance of quality of a place, location or city and the more intentional emphasis given to development of human and cultural resources, which are conducive to innovation, learning, creativity and change in a knowledge\u2010based economy.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Singapore is chosen as a case study of analysis for a knowledge\u2010based economy in transition because of its developmental approach and strategic shift from one focused on technology\u2010intensive sectors to one focused on high knowledge\u2010intensive companies and towards a free\u2010spirited dynamic creative hub in the making. It displays many characteristics typical of a knowledge\u2010based economy in which people, their ideas and capabilities are the key sources of wealth and opportunities.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>The paper observes a missing link in the transition from technology to knowledge to culture hub, which might have implications for Singapore's effort towards establishing itself as a cultural industries metropolis, a renaissance city using culture to re\u2010position its international image as a global city for the arts.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>The originality and value of the paper lie in this analysis, which makes one conclude that, although Singapore's developmental model had created benefits in many ways, it had also negatively constrained its development, particularly in the area of knowledge creation and application to entrepreneurship, innovation and creativity.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270610691198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,26]],"date-time":"2006-09-26T07:53:31Z","timestamp":1159257211000},"page":"79-91","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Singapore in transition: from technology to culture hub"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Caroline Y.L.","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla C.J.M.","family":"Millar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Ju Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b1","unstructured":"APEC Economic Committee Report (2000), \u201cTowards knowledge based economies in APEC\u201d, APEC Secretariat in Asia\u2010Pacific Economic Cooperation, The Drivers of New Economy, in APEC: Innovation and Organizational Practices, 2003, available at: www.apec.org (accessed 16 March 2005)."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b2","unstructured":"APEC Economic Committee Report (2003), \u201cThe drivers of new economy in APEC: innovation and organizational practices\u201d, available at: www.apec.org (accessed 16 March 2005)."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b3","unstructured":"Aslesen, H.W. (2003), \u201cKnowledge intensive business services and regional innovation\u201d, Consultancy in City Regions in Norway, paper presented at the conference \u201cReinventing Regions in a Global Economy\u201d, Regional Studies Association International Conference, Pisa Conference Centre, Pisa, Italy, 12\u201015 April, available at: www.regional\u2010studies\u2010assoc.ac.uk\/events\/pisa03\/aslesen.pdf (accessed 5 January 2006)."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bassett, K., Griffiths, R. and Smith, I. (2000), \u201cCultural industries, cultural clusters and the city: the example of natural history filmmaking in Bristol\u201d, Geoforum, Vol. 33 No. 1, pp. 165\u201077.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7185(01)00032-X"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b5","unstructured":"Baudrillard, J. (1988), Selected Writings, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b6","unstructured":"Brooks, C. (2000), \u201cKnowledge management and the intelligence community\u201d, Defence Intelligence Journal, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 15\u201024."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b9","unstructured":"Chia, S.Y. (2000), \u201cSingapore: towards a knowledge\u2010based economy\u201d, available at: www.tcf.or.jp\/data\/20000127\u201028_Siow\u2010Yue_Chia.pdf (accessed 10 March 2005)."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cochrane, A. and Passmore, A. (2001), \u201cBuilding a national capital in an age of globalization: the case of Berlin\u201d, Area, Vol. 33 No. 4, pp. 341\u201052.","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-4762.00040"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coe, N.M. (2000), \u201cThe view from out west: embeddedness, inter\u2010personal relations and the development of an indigenous film industry in Vancouver\u201d, Geoforum, Vol. 31, pp. 437\u201051.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7185(00)00005-1"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b15","unstructured":"Committee of Singapore's Competitiveness (CSC) Report (1998), \u201cSingapore: Ministry of Trade and Industry\u201d, available at: www.mti.gov.sg\/public\/NWS\/frm_NWS_Default.asp?sid=42&cid=177 (accessed 10 March 2005)."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b16","unstructured":"DiMaggio, P.J. (1988), \u201cInterest and agency in institutional theory\u201d, in Zucker, L. (Ed.), Institutional Patterns and Organizations, Ballinger, Cambridge, MA, pp. 3\u201021."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b17","unstructured":"Economic and Social Council (2000), \u201cDevelopment and international cooperation in the twenty\u2010first century: the role of information technology in the context of a knowledge\u2010based global economy\u201d, report of the Secretary\u2010General, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b22","unstructured":"Economic Review Committee (ERC) Reports (2001), Ministry of Trade and Industry, Singapore."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b23","unstructured":"Economic Review Committee (ERC) (2002), \u201cServices subcommittee reports on creative industries\u201d, September, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Singapore."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b18","unstructured":"EDB Media Releases (2003a), \u201cEarly efforts in innovation and enterprise bear fruits for Singapore\u201d, available at: www.sedb.com\/edbcorp\/browse.jsp?cat=40&type=2&parent=36&root=36) (accessed 10 March 2005)."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b19","unstructured":"EDB Media Releases (2003b), \u201cEDB new headquarters program launched for companies across all industries and geographies\u201d, available at: www.sedb.com\/edbcorp\/browse.jsp?cat=40&type=2&parent=36&root=36) (accessed 10 March 2005)."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b20","unstructured":"EDB News Room (2005), \u201cEDB will earmark S$500 million for the next five years to develop this digital media industry\u201d, available at: www.edb.gov.sg\/edb\/sg\/en_uk\/index\/news_room\/news\/2005\/edb_will_earmark_s.html (accessed 10 March 2005)."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b24","unstructured":"Edvinsson, L. (2002), Corporate Longitude, Pearson Education, Harlow."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escobar, A. (2001), \u201cCulture sits in places: reflections on globalism and subaltern: strategies of localization\u201d, Political Geography, Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 139\u201074.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-6298(00)00064-0"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b26","unstructured":"Falk, I. (2001), \u201cThe future of work and the work of future\u201d, Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, Vol. 44 No. 6, pp. 566\u201071."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fligstein, N. (1997), \u201cSocial skill and institutional theory\u201d, American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 40 No. 4, pp. 397\u2010405.","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764297040004003"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florida, R. (2002), \u201cBohemia and economic geography\u201d, Journal of Economic Geography, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 55\u201071.","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/2.1.55"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b30","unstructured":"Florida, R. (2004), The Flight of the Creative Class: The New Global Competition for Talent, HarperCollins Publishers, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b31","unstructured":"Forbes (2004), \u201cSingapore wants to double arts and media, associated press\u201d, Forbes, available at: www.forbes.com\/home_europe\/feeds\/ap\/2004\/07\/24\/ap1469194.html (accessed 10 March 2005)."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glaeser, E., Kolko, J. and Saiz, A. (2001), \u201cConsumer city\u201d, Journal of Economic Geography, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 27\u201050.","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/1.1.27"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b35","unstructured":"Goh, C.T. (2002), \u201cRemaking Singapore: changing mindsets\u201d, Singapore Government Press Release, MITA, University Cultural Centre, NUS, Singapore."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham, B. (2002), \u201cHeritage as knowledge: capital or culture?\u201d, Urban Studies, Vol. 39 No. 4, pp. 1003\u201017.","DOI":"10.1080\/00420980220128426"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green, A. and Turok, I. (2000), \u201cEmployability, adaptability and flexibility: changing labour market prospects\u201d, Regional Studies, Vol. 34 No. 7, pp. 599\u2010600.","DOI":"10.1080\/00343400050178401"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b38","unstructured":"Hall, P. (1998), Cities in Civilization, Pantheon Books, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b39","unstructured":"Harvey, D. (1989), The Condition of Post Modernity, Blackwell, Oxford."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herod, A. (2001), \u201cLabour internationalism and the contradictions of globalization: or, why the local is sometimes still important in a global economy\u201d, Antipode, Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 407\u201026.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8330.00191"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutton, A.T. (2004), \u201cService industries, globalization and urban restructuring within the Asia\u2010Pacific: new development trajectories and planning responses\u201d, Progress in Planning, Vol. 61, pp. 1\u201074.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-9006(03)00013-8"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight, R.V. (1995), \u201cKnowledge\u2010based development: policy and planning implications for cities\u201d, Urban Studies, Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 225\u201060.","DOI":"10.1080\/00420989550013068"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koh, A.T. (2000), \u201cLinking learning, knowledge creation, and business creativity: a preliminary assessment of the East Asian quest for creativity\u201d, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 64 No. 1, pp. 85\u2010100.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-1625(99)00075-X"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b46","unstructured":"Koh, A.T. and Pakir, A. (1999), \u201cTwenty\u2010first century higher education: the role of a liberal arts education in Singapore\u201d, paper presented at the 1999 ASAIHL (Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning) Seminar, Hong Kong."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, L. (2000), \u201cCulture, economy, policy: trends and developments\u201d, Geoforum, Vol. 31 No. 4, pp. 385\u201090.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7185(00)00004-X"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landry, C. (2000), The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovators, Comedia, London.","DOI":"10.4324\/NOE0415232418.ch17"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b49","unstructured":"Lash, S. and Urry, J. (1994), \u201cEconomies of signs and space\u201d, in Scott, A. (Ed.), Cultural Economy of Cities: Essays in the Geography of Image\u2010Producing Industries, Sage Publications, London."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, T. (2004), \u201cCreative shifts and directions: cultural policy in Singapore\u201d, International Journal of Cultural Policy, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 281\u201099.","DOI":"10.1080\/1028663042000312525"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b52","unstructured":"Leung, Y.C. (2003), in Liang, T.W. (Ed.), Entrepreneurship and Innovation in the Knowledge\u2010based Economy: Challenges and Strategies, Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loh, L. (1998), \u201cTechnology policy and national competitiveness\u201d, in Toh, M.H. and Tan, K.Y. (Eds), Competitiveness of the Singapore Economy: A Strategic Perspective, Singapore University Press and World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812839626_0002"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loo, L.S., Seow, E.O. and Agarwal, A. (2003), \u201cSingapore's competitiveness as a global city: development strategy, institutions and business environment\u201d, Cities, Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 115\u201027.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-2751(02)00119-1"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, R. (2001), \u201cGeography and public policy: the case of the missing agenda\u201d, Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 25 No. 3, pp. 189\u2010210.","DOI":"10.1191\/030913201678580476"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b57","unstructured":"Mayor, F. (1990), Summary Records from the 131st Session of the Unesco Executive Board, Paris, pp. 34\u20106."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendieta, E. (2001), \u201cInvisible cities: a phenomenology of globalization from below\u201d, City, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 7\u201026.","DOI":"10.1080\/13604810124686"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b59","unstructured":"Ministry of Information and the Arts (2000), \u201cRenaissance city report\u201d, available at: www.mita.gov.sg\/renaissance (accessed 10 March 2005)."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b60","unstructured":"Nakagawa, S. (2002), \u201cGlobal cities and corporate headquarters\u201d, New Urban Economies, available at: www.econ.kobeu.ac.jp\/ \u223c\u2009nakagawa\/web2003UG\/2003UG6.ppt (accessed 19 May 2003)."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b61","unstructured":"Nonaka, I. (1991), \u201cThe knowledge\u2010creating company\u201d, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 69, pp. 96\u2010104."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b62","unstructured":"O'Connor, J. (2002), \u201cPublic and private in the cultural industries\u201d, in Johansson, T. and Sernhede, O. (Eds), Lifestyle, Desire and Politics: Contemporary Identities, Centre for Cultural Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, pp. 15\u201033."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ofori, G. (2003), \u201cPreparing Singapore's construction industry for the knowledge\u2010based economy: practices, procedures and performance\u201d, Construction Management and Economics, Vol. 21, pp. 113\u201025.","DOI":"10.1080\/0144619032000079680"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b64","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co\u2010operation and Development (OECD) (1996), The Knowledge\u2010Based Economy, OECD, Paris."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b67","unstructured":"Putnam, R.D. (1993), Making Democracy Work, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b70","unstructured":"Saxenian, A., Motoyama, Y. and Quan, X. (2002), Local and Global Networks of Immigrant Professionals in Silicon Valley, Public Policy Institute of California, San Francisco, CA."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, A.J. (2000), \u201cThe cultural economy of Paris\u201d, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 24 No. 2, pp. 567\u201082.","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2427.00266"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, A.J. (2004), \u201cCultural\u2010products industries and urban economic development \u2013 prospects for growth and market contestation in global context\u201d, Urban Affairs Review, Vol. 39 No. 4, pp. 461\u201090.","DOI":"10.1177\/1078087403261256"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b75","unstructured":"Scott, A.J. (2005), On Hollywood, the Place, the Industry, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b76","unstructured":"Sigurdson, J. (2000), \u201cSingapore means to turn into a knowledge\u2010based economy\u201d, paper prepared as Visiting Professor at the Centre for Management of Innovation and Technopreneurship (CMIT), National University of Singapore, May\u2010July."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b77","unstructured":"Singapore Department of Statistics (2004), available at: www.singstat.gov.sg\/keystats\/annual\/indicators.html (accessed 21 February 2005)."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b78","unstructured":"Sunday Times (1998), \u201cSingapore Press Holdings\u201d, Sunday Times."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, K.P. (2003), \u201cSexing up Singapore\u201d, International Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 403\u201023.","DOI":"10.1177\/136787790364002"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b82","unstructured":"Tay, J. (2005), in Hartley, J. (Ed.), Creative Cities in Creative Industries, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b84","unstructured":"Toh, M.H., Tang, H.C. and Choo, A. (2002), \u201cMapping Singapore's knowledge\u2010based economy\u201d, Economic Survey of Singapore, 3rd Quarter, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Singapore."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waterman, P. and Wills, J. (2001), \u201cIntroduction: space, place and the new labour internationalisms: beyond the fragments\u201d, in Waterman, P. and Wills, J. (Eds), Place, Space and the New Internationalisms, Blackwell, Oxford.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444397529"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b87","unstructured":"(The) World Economic Forum (2003), Global Information Technology Report 2003\u20102004: Towards a More Equitable Society, Oxford University Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, P.K. (1998), \u201cLeveraging the global information revolution for economic development: Singapore's evolving information industry strategy\u201d, Information Systems Research, Vol. 9 No. 4, pp. 323\u201041.","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.9.4.323"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b89","unstructured":"Wong, P.K. (2001), \u201cThe role of the state in the industrial development of Singapore, chapter 1\u201d, in Wong, P.K. and Ng, C.Y. (Eds), Re\u2010thinking the East Asian Development Paradigm, Singapore University Press, Singapore."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b90","unstructured":"Wong, P.K. (2004), \u201cThe information society and the developmental state: the Singapore model\u201d, National University of Singapore (NUS) Entrepreneurship Centre working paper, Singapore."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b91","unstructured":"Wong, P.K. and Singh, A. (2004), \u201cCountry survey report: Singapore\u201d, report prepared for ECLAC\/IDE (JETRO) Joint Project, Comparative Study on East Asian and Latin American IT Industries, Singapore."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, P.K., Ho, Y.P. and Singh, A. (2005a), \u201cSingapore as an innovative city in East Asia: an explorative study of the perspectives of innovative industries\u201d, World Bank Policy Research working paper 3568, April, Washington, DC.","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-3568"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b93","unstructured":"Wong, P.K., Lee, L., Ho, Y.P. and Wong, F. (2005b), Global Entrepreneurship Monitor GEM: Highlights in Singapore, 2004, NUS Entrepreneurship Centre, Singapore."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeung, H. (2002), \u201cIndustrial geography: industrial restructuring and labour markets\u201d, Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 26 No. 3, pp. 367\u201079.","DOI":"10.1191\/0309132502ph375pr"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_b95","unstructured":"Zukin, S. (1995), The Cultures of Cities, Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_frd1","unstructured":"Castells, M. (1996), The Rise of the Networked Society, Blackwell, Oxford."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_frd2","unstructured":"Caves, R.E. (2000), Creative Industries: Contacts between Art and Commerce, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_frd3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, C.J., Millar, C.J.M. and Wong, C.Y.L. (2005), Knowledge Entanglements: An International and Multi\u2010Disciplinary Approach, Palgrave Macmillan, London.","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230508927_2"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_frd5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, E. (2000), \u201cGlobalizing cities \u2013 introduction\u201d, Geoforum, Vol. 31 No. 2, p. 465.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7185(00)00014-2"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_frd6","unstructured":"EDB Singapore Media Release (2003), available at: www.ida.gov.sg\/Website\/IDAContent.nsf\/0 (accessed 10 March 2005)."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_frd7","unstructured":"Florida, R. (2003), The Rise of the Creative Class, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_frd8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, C. and Kong, L. (2005), \u201cCultural economy: a critical review\u201d, Progess in Human Geography, Vol. 29 No. 5, pp. 541\u201061.","DOI":"10.1191\/0309132505ph567oa"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_frd9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glaeser, E. (1998), \u201cAre cities dying?\u201d, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 12 No. 2, pp. 134\u201060.","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.12.2.139"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_frd10","unstructured":"Jacobs, J. (1961), The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Random House, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_frd11","unstructured":"Jacobs, J. (1969), The Economy of Cities, Random House, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_frd12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leamer, E. and Storper, M. (2001), \u201cThe economic geography of the internet age\u201d, NBER working papers 8450, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA.","DOI":"10.3386\/w8450"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_frd13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucas, R. (1988), \u201cOn the mechanics of economic development\u201d, Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 22, pp. 3\u201042.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3932(88)90168-7"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_frd14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porter, M. (2000), \u201cLocation, competition and economic development: local clusters in a global economy\u201d, Economic Development Quarterly, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 15\u201034.","DOI":"10.1177\/089124240001400105"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_frd15","unstructured":"Pratt, A. (1998), \u201cA \u2018third way\u2019 for the creative industries? Hybrid cultures: the role of bytes and atoms in locating the new cultural economy and society\u201d, International Journal of Communications Law and Policy, No. 1."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_frd16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, J. (2002), \u201cGlobal and world cities\u201d, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 26 No. 4, pp. 531\u201054.","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2427.00397"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_frd17","unstructured":"Sassen, S. (1991), The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_frd18","unstructured":"Schelling, T. (1960), The Strategy of Conflict, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_frd19","unstructured":"Scott, A.J. (1998), \u201cMultimedia and digital visual effects: an emerging local labour market\u201d, Monthly Labour Review, Vol. 3, pp. 30\u20108."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_frd20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tams, E. (2002), \u201cCreating divisions: creativity, entrepreneurship and gendered inequality: a Sheffield case study\u201d, City, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 393\u2010402.","DOI":"10.1080\/1360481022000037805a"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_frd21","unstructured":"Tan, T.K. (2000), Social Capital and the Travailing of Civil Society in Singapore, Public Policy Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore."},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_frd22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, P. (2000), \u201cWorld cities and territorial states under conditions of contemporary globalization\u201d, Political Geography, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 5\u201032.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-6298(99)00060-8"},{"key":"key2022031820455383200_frd23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullman, E. (1958), \u201cRegional development and the geography of concentration\u201d, Papers and Proceedings of the Regional Science Association, No. 4, pp. 179\u201098.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1435-5597.1958.tb01629.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Knowledge Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/13673270610691198","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/13673270610691198\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/13673270610691198\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:11:09Z","timestamp":1753402269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jkm\/article\/10\/5\/79-91\/257587"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Francisco","family":"Jaview Carrillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/13673270610691198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/13673270610691198","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-3270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-3270","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]}}}