{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:00:33Z","timestamp":1761512433777,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,24]],"date-time":"2007-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1185235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>The paper sets out to integrate what is known about the concept of tacit knowledge and proposes a pattern recognition and synthesis (PRS) framework as an explanation of how tacit knowledge is created.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>In this conceptual piece it is argued that knowledge is monistic and that the dichotic distinction between tacit and explicit is an artifact of analytic treatment. The PRS framework models the development of personal knowledge via the process of tacit knowing within the individual, who is within an organizational setting.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>The PRS model complements extant models of organizational learning by providing possible mechanisms for tacit knowing that have not yet been elucidated. Specifically, as a perception\u2010based model its main conclusion is that all tacit knowledge must be built up within individuals, which has major implications for the time and energy invested in knowledge creation activities.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Future research can test the propositions given.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>The conclusions of the paper suggest that tacit knowledge creation depends on practice by the knower. Ironically, this also suggests a method for how tacit knowledge can be developed even in virtual projects that involve information and communications technologies (ICTs) without face\u2010to\u2010face interaction.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>The paper argues for a focus in knowledge management on the individual and leads to new insights about how best to manage tacit knowledge creation. Researchers looking at the concept of tacit knowledge and managers who want to understand the limitations and constraints on tacit knowledge development will find the paper's conclusions helpful.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270710762765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,21]],"date-time":"2007-07-21T07:02:19Z","timestamp":1185001339000},"page":"123-139","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Mechanisms of tacit knowing: pattern recognition and synthesis"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"William H.A.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrosini, V. and Bowman, C. (2001), \u201cTacit knowledge: some suggestions for operationalization\u201d, The Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 38 No. 6, pp. 811\u201029.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6486.00260"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Augier, M., Shariz, S.Z. and Vendelo, M.T. (2001), \u201cUnderstanding context its emergence, transformation and role in tacit knowledge sharing\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 125\u201036.","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270110393176"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balconi, M. (2002), \u201cTacitness, codification of technological knowledge and the organisation of industry\u201d, Research Policy, Vol. 31 No. 3, pp. 357\u201079.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(01)00113-5"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barney, J. (1986), \u201cOrganizational culture: can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage?\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 11 No. 3, pp. 656\u201065.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1986.4306261"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barney, J. (1991), \u201cFirm resources and competitive advantage\u201d, Journal of Management, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 99\u2010120.","DOI":"10.1177\/014920639101700108"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumard, P. (2002), \u201cTacit knowledge in professional firms: the teachings of firms in very puzzling situations\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 135\u201051.","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270210424666"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behling, O. and Eckel, H. (1991), \u201cMaking sense out of intuition\u201d, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 46\u201054.","DOI":"10.5465\/ame.1991.4274718"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berman, S.L., Down, J. and Hill, C.W.L. (2002), \u201cTacit knowledge as a source of competitive advantage in the National Basketball Association\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 45 No. 1, pp. 13\u201031.","DOI":"10.5465\/3069282"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blair, D.C. (2002), \u201cKnowledge management: hype, hope, or help?\u201d, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 53 No. 12, pp. 1019\u201028.","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.10113"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouchon\u2010Meunier, B., Yager, R.R. and Zadeh, L.A. (1995), Fuzzy Logic and Soft Computing, World Scientific, River Edge, NJ.","DOI":"10.1142\/2829"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boutellier, R., Gassmann, O., Macho, H. and Roux, M. (1998), \u201cManagement of dispersed product development teams: the role of information technologies\u201d, R&D Management, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 13\u201025.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9310.00077"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b12","unstructured":"Brockmann, E.N. and Simmonds, P.G. (1997), \u201cStrategic decision making: the influence of CEO experience and use of tacit knowledge\u201d, Journal of Managerial Issues, Vol. 9 No. 4, pp. 454\u201067."},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, J.S. and Duguid, P. (1991), \u201cOrganizational learning and communities\u2010of\u2010practice: toward a unified view of working, learning, and innovation\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 40\u201057.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.2.1.40"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, J.S. and Duguid, P. (2001), \u201cKnowledge and organization: a social\u2010practice perspective\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 12 No. 2, pp. 198\u2010213.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.12.2.198.10116"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchel, C., Coull, J.T. and Friston, K.J. (1999), \u201cThe predictive value of changes in effective connectivity for human learning\u201d, Science, Vol. 283, pp. 1538\u201041.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5407.1538"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burnes, B. and Hakeem, J. (1995), \u201cCulture, cognitive dissonance and the management of change\u201d, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 15 No. 8, pp. 14\u201033.","DOI":"10.1108\/01443579510094062"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo, J. (2002), \u201cA note on the concept of tacit knowledge\u201d, Journal of Management Inquiry, Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 46\u201057.","DOI":"10.1177\/1056492602111018"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, W.M. and Levinthal, D.A. (1990), \u201cAbsorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation\u201d, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 35 No. 1, pp. 128\u201062.","DOI":"10.2307\/2393553"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook, S.D.N. and Brown, J.S. (1999), \u201cBridging epistemologies: the generative dance between organizational knowledge and organizational knowing\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 10 No. 4, p. 381.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.10.4.381"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crossan, M.M., Lane, H.W. and White, R.E. (1999), \u201cAn organizational learning framework: from intuition to institution\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 24 No. 3, pp. 522\u201037.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1999.2202135"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daft, R.L. and Lengel, R.H. (1984), \u201cInformation richness: a new approach to managerial behavior and organizational design\u201d, Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 6, pp. 191\u2010233.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA128980"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daft, R.L. and Weick, K.E. (1984), \u201cToward a model of organizations as interpretation systems\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 284\u201096.","DOI":"10.2307\/258441"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b23","unstructured":"Davenport, T.H. and Prusak, L. (1998), Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA."},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desrochers, P. (2001), \u201cGeographical proximity and the transmission of tacit knowledge\u201d, The Review of Austrian Economics, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 25\u201046.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007803520748"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b25","unstructured":"Erickson, F. and Schultz, J. (1997), \u201cWhen is a context? Some issues and methods in the analysis of social competence\u201d, in Cole, M., Engestrom, Y. and Vasquez, O. (Eds), Mind, Culture and Activity: Seminal Papers from Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 22\u201031."},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b26","unstructured":"Gleick, J. (1987), Chaos: Making a New Science, Penguin Group, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b27","unstructured":"Glynn, I. (2000), An Anatomy of Thought, Phoenix, London."},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, R.M. (1996), \u201cToward a knowledge\u2010based theory of the firm\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17, pp. 109\u201022.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250171110"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grimaldi, R. and Torrisi, S. (2001), \u201cCodified\u2010tacit and general\u2010specific knowledge in the division of labour among firms: a study of the software industry\u201d, Research Policy, Vol. 30 No. 9, pp. 1425\u201042.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(01)00160-3"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haddadnia, J., Faez, K. and Ahmadi, M. (2003), \u201cAn efficient human face recognition system using pseudo zernike moment invariant and radial basis function neural network\u201d, International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 41\u201062.","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001403002265"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b31","unstructured":"Hakanson, L. and Nobel, R. (2001), \u201cOrganizational characteristics and reverse technology transfer\u201d, Management International Review, Vol. 41 No. 4, pp. 395\u2010420."},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hedlund, G. (1994), \u201cA model of knowledge management and the N\u2010form corporation\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 15, pp. 73\u201091.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250151006"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herschel, R.T., Nemati, H. and Steiger, D. (2001), \u201cTacit to explicit knowledge conversion: knowledge exchange protocols\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 107\u201016.","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270110384455"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howells, J. (1996), \u201cTacit knowledge, innovation and technology transfer\u201d, Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 91\u2010105.","DOI":"10.1080\/09537329608524237"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johannessen, J.\u2010A., Olaisen, J. and Olsen, B. (2001), \u201cMismanagement of tacit knowledge: the importance of tacit knowledge, the danger of information technology, and what to do about it\u201d, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 21 No. 1, pp. 3\u201020.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-4012(00)00047-5"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b36","unstructured":"Johnson, W.H.A. (2004), \u201cHow hard can it be to communicate? Communication mode and performance in virtual and collaborative R&D projects\u201d, in Ferris, P. and Godar, S. (Eds), Virtual and Collaborative Teams: Process, Technologies, and Practice, Idea Group, Hershey, PA."},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kant, I. (1998), The Critique of Pure Reason, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511804649"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b38","unstructured":"Koestler, A. (1976), The Act of Creation, Hutchinson, London."},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kogut, B. and Zander, U. (1993), \u201cKnowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the multinational corporation\u201d, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 24 No. 4, pp. 625\u201045.","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8490248"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreiner, K. (2002), \u201cTacit knowledge management: the role of artifacts\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 112\u201023.","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270210424648"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lam, A. (1997), \u201cEmbedded firms, embedded knowledge: problems of collaboration and knowledge transfer in global cooperative ventures\u201d, Organization Studies, Vol. 18 No. 6, pp. 973\u201096.","DOI":"10.1177\/017084069701800604"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawson, C. and Lorenz, E. (1999), \u201cCollective learning, tacit knowledge and regional innovative capacity\u201d, Regional Studies, Vol. 33 No. 4, pp. 305\u201017.","DOI":"10.1080\/713693555"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonard, D. and Sensiper, S. (1998), \u201cThe role of tacit knowledge in group innovation\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 40 No. 3, pp. 112\u201032.","DOI":"10.2307\/41165946"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b45","unstructured":"Leonard\u2010Barton, D. (1995), Wellsprings of Knowledge: Building and Sustaining the Sources of Innovation, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA."},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, R. (1998), \u201cMembership and management of a \u2018virtual\u2019 team: the perspectives of a research manager\u201d, R&D Management, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 5\u201012.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9310.00076"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonough, E.F. and Kahn, K.B. (1996), \u201cUsing \u2018hard\u2019 and \u2018soft\u2019 techniques for global new product development\u201d, R&D Management, Vol. 26 No. 3, pp. 241\u201053.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00959.x"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McEvily, S.K. and Chakravarthy, B. (2002), \u201cThe persistence of knowledge\u2010based advantage: an empirical test for product performance and technological knowledge\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 285\u2010305.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.223"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madhavan, R. and Grover, R. (1998), \u201cFrom embedded knowledge to embodied knowledge: new product development as knowledge management\u201d, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 62 No. 4, pp. 1\u201012.","DOI":"10.1177\/002224299806200401"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"March, J.G. (1991), \u201cExploration and exploitation in organizational learning\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 71\u201087.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.2.1.71"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, N. and Brady, T. (2001), \u201cKnowledge management and the politics of knowledge: illustrations from complex products and systems\u201d, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 10 No. 2, pp. 99\u2010112.","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.ejis.3000398"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b50","unstructured":"Martinich, A.P. and Stroll, A. (2002), \u201cEpistemology\u201d, Encyclopedia Britannica 2003 Deluxe Edition CD\u2010ROM, Encyclopedia Britannica, London."},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer\u2010Krahmer, F. and Reger, G. (1999), \u201cNew perspectives on the innovation strategies of multinational enterprises: lessons for technology policy in Europe\u201d, Research Policy, Vol. 28 No. 7, pp. 751\u201076.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(99)00019-0"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nonaka, I. (1994), \u201cA dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 14\u201037.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.5.1.14"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nonaka, I. and Takeuchi, H. (1995), The Knowledge\u2010Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, Oxford University Press, Oxford.","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-6301(96)81509-3"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ocker, R., Hiltz, S.R., Turoff, M. and Fjermestad, J. (1996), \u201cThe effects of distributed group support and process structuring on software requirements development teams: results on creativity and quality\u201d, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 12 No. 3, pp. 127\u201053.","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1995.11518094"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orlikowski, W.J. (2002), \u201cKnowing in practice: enacting a collective capability in distributed organizing\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 249\u201073.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.13.3.249.2776"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouchi, W.G. and Wilkins, A.L. (1985), \u201cOrganizational culture\u201d, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 11, pp. 457\u201083.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.so.11.080185.002325"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b59","unstructured":"Perkins, D.N. (1986), Knowledge as Design, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ."},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, M.B., Pinto, J.K. and Prescott, J.E. (1993), \u201cAntecedents and consequences of project team cross\u2010functional teams\u201d, Management Science, Vol. 39 No. 10, pp. 1281\u201097.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.39.10.1281"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b61","unstructured":"Polanyi, M. (1962), Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post\u2010critical Philosophy, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL."},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b62","unstructured":"Polanyi, M. (1966), The Tacit Dimension, Routledge, London."},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porter\u2010Liebeskind, J. (1996), \u201cKnowledge, strategy, and the theory of the firm\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17, pp. 93\u2010107.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250171109"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rioult\u2010Pedotti, M.S., Friedman, D. and Donoghue, J.P. (2000), \u201cLearning\u2010induced LTP in neocortex\u201d, Science, Vol. 290, pp. 533\u20106.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5491.533"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenblatt, A.D. and Thickstun, J.T. (1994), \u201cIntuition and consciousness\u201d, Psychoanalytic Quarterly, Vol. 63, pp. 676\u2010714.","DOI":"10.1080\/21674086.1994.11927433"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez, R., Heene, A. and Thomas, H. (1996), \u201cTowards the theory and practice of competence\u2010based competition\u201d, in Sanchez, R., Heene, A. and Thomas, H. (Eds), Dynamics of Competence\u2010based Competition: Theory and Practice in the New Strategic Management, Elsevier, Oxford.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-6301(97)86598-3"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, J.B., Montoya\u2010Weiss, M.M. and Massey, A.P. (2001), \u201cNew product development decision\u2010making effectiveness: comparing individuals, face\u2010to\u2010face teams, and virtual teams\u201d, Decision Sciences, Vol. 32 No. 4, pp. 575\u2010600.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.2001.tb00973.x"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schulz, M. and Jobe, L.A. (2001), \u201cCodification and tacitness as knowledge management strategies: an empirical exploration\u201d, Journal of High Technology Management Research, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 139\u201065.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-8310(00)00043-2"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b69","unstructured":"Senge, P.M. (1990), The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization, Currency Doubleday, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon, H.A. (1987), \u201cMaking management decisions: the role of intuition and emotion\u201d, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 57\u201064.","DOI":"10.5465\/ame.1987.4275905"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spender, J.C. (1996), \u201cMaking knowledge the basis of a dynamic theory of the firm\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17, pp. 45\u201062.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250171106"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szulanski, G. (1996), \u201cExploring internal stickness: impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17, pp. 27\u201043.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250171105"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Engelen, J.M.L., Kiewiet, D.J. and Terlouw, P. (2001), \u201cImproving performance of product development teams through managing polarity\u201d, International Studies of Management and Organization, Vol. 31 No. 1, pp. 46\u201063.","DOI":"10.1080\/00208825.2001.11656807"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh, J.P. (1995), \u201cManagerial and organizational cognition: notes from a trip down memory lane\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 280\u2010321.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.6.3.280"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsham, G. (2001), \u201cKnowledge management: the benefits and limitations of computer systems\u201d, European Management Journal, Vol. 19 No. 6, pp. 599\u2010608.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-2373(01)00085-8"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b76","unstructured":"Weick, K.E. (1979), The Social Psychology of Organizing, Addison\u2010Wesley, Reading, MA."},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weick, K.E. (1995), \u201cWhat theory is not, theorizing is\u201d, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 40 No. 3, pp. 385\u201090.","DOI":"10.2307\/2393789"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whalen, T. and Samaddar, S. (2001), \u201cPostmodern management science: a likely convergence of soft computing and knowledge management methods\u201d, Human Systems Management, Vol. 20 No. 4, pp. 291\u2010300.","DOI":"10.3233\/HSM-2001-20402"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkins, A.L. and Ouchi, W.G. (1983), \u201cEfficient cultures: exploring the relationship between culture and organizational performance\u201d, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 28 No. 3, pp. 468\u201081.","DOI":"10.2307\/2392253"},{"key":"key2022012220004946300_b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo, Y. and Kanawattanachai, P. (2001), \u201cDevelopments of transactive memory systems and collective mind in virtual teams\u201d, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 187\u2010208.","DOI":"10.1108\/eb028933"}],"container-title":["Journal of Knowledge Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/13673270710762765","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/13673270710762765\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/13673270710762765\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:11:18Z","timestamp":1753402278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jkm\/article\/11\/4\/123-139\/257199"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,24]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,24]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/13673270710762765"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/13673270710762765","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-3270"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1367-3270"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,24]]}}}