{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T19:37:22Z","timestamp":1778873842932,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,30]],"date-time":"2007-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1193702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>The purpose of this paper is to show that separate sources of knowledge are identified, described and clearly defined as organizational intangible knowledge assets. These knowledge assets are referred to as knowledge capabilities (KCs). knowledge management (KM) is utilized to leverage these assets with a view to systematic improvement in the process of achieving increased firm performance.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>In this paper knowledge capabilities are described in terms of their knowledge life cycle, tacit\/implicit\/explicit nature of knowledge, technology and organizational processes that encompass a firm's human capital identified as knowledge workers.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>The paper finds that five knowledge capability are presented and described as expertise, lessons learned, policies and procedures, data and knowledge documents.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>The paper shows that knowledge assets can be measured and improved in order to investigate causal relationships with identified measures of performance.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>The paper shows that by explicitly describing these knowledge assets, the KM activities within organizations can more effectively leverage knowledge and improve performance.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>The paper sees that by drawing from both resource based and organizational learning literature, a knowledge management framework is presented to describe distinctly separate sources of knowledge within organizations. These knowledge sources are constructed as knowledge capabilities that can allow the assessment of organizational knowledge assets.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270710832190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,20]],"date-time":"2007-10-20T05:28:33Z","timestamp":1192858113000},"page":"94-109","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Knowledge management capability: defining knowledge assets"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ronald D.","family":"Freeze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Uday","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b1","unstructured":"Alavi, M. and Leidner, D. (2001), \u201cReview: knowledge management and knowledge management systems: conceptual foundations and research issues\u201d, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 107\u201036."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b2","unstructured":"Argote, L., McEvily, B. and Reagans, R. (2003), \u201cManaging knowledge in organizations: an integrative framework and review of emerging themes\u201d, Management Science, Vol. 49 No. 4, pp. 571\u201082."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b3","unstructured":"Bach, C. and Belardo, S. (2003), Scientific and Philosophical Aspects of Information and the Relationships among Data, Information, and Knowledge, Ninth Americas Conference on Information Systems, Tampa Bay, FL, pp. 2629\u201039."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b4","unstructured":"Birkinshaw, J. and Sheehan, T. (2002), \u201cManaging the knowledge life cycle\u201d, Mit Sloan Management Review, Vol. 44 No. 1, pp. 75\u201083."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b5","unstructured":"Brown, J.S. and Duguid, P. (2000), \u201cBalancing act: how to capture knowledge without killing it\u201d, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 78 No. 3, p. 73\u2010+."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlile, P.R. and Rebentisch, E.S. (2003), \u201cInto the black box: the knowledge transformation cycle\u201d, Management Science, Vol. 49 No. 9.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.49.9.1180.16564"},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b7","unstructured":"Carlsson, S.A., Sawy, O.E., Eriksson, I. and Raven, A. (1996), Gaining Competitive Advantage Through Shared Knowledge Creation: In Search of a New Design Theory for Strategic Information Systems, Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Information Systems, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 1067\u201076."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b8","unstructured":"Davenport, T.H., De Long, D.W. and Beers, M.C. (1998), \u201cSuccessful knowledge management projects\u201d, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 39 No. 2, pp. 43\u201057."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b9","unstructured":"Davenport, T.H., Thomas, R.J. and Cantrell, S. (2002), \u201cThe mysterious art and science of knowledge\u2010worker performance\u201d, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 44 No. 1, pp. 23\u201030."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b10","unstructured":"Dooley, K.J., Corman, S.R. and McPhee, R.D. (2002), \u201cA knowledge directory for identifying experts and areas of expertise\u201d, Human Systems Management, Vol. 21, pp. 217\u201028."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahey, L. and Prusak, L. (1998), \u201cThe eleven deadliest sins of knowledge management\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 40 No. 3, pp. 265ff.","DOI":"10.2307\/41165954"},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b12","unstructured":"Gray, R. (2003), A Brief Historical Review of the Development of the Distinction Between Data and Information in the Information Systems Literature, Ninth Americas Conference on Information Systems, Tampa Bay, FL, pp. 2843\u20109."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b13","unstructured":"Hansen, M.T., Nohria, N. and Tierney, T. (1999), \u201cWhat's your strategy for managing knowledge?\u201d, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 77 No. 2, pp. 106\u201016."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b14","unstructured":"Harigopal, U. and Satyadas, A. (2001), \u201cCognizant enterprise maturity model (CEMM)\u201d, IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C\u2010Applications and Reviews, Vol. 31 No. 4, pp. 449\u201059."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b15","unstructured":"Huber, G.P. (1991), \u201cOrganizational learning: the contributing processes and the literatures\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 88\u2010111."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King, W.R., Marks, P.V. and McCoy, S. (2002), \u201cThe most important issues in knowledge management\u201d, Communications of the Acm, Vol. 45 No. 9, pp. 93\u20107.","DOI":"10.1145\/567498.567505"},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b17","unstructured":"Koskinen, K.U. (2003), \u201cEvaluation of tacit knowledge utilization in work units\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 7 No. 5, pp. 67\u201081."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b18","unstructured":"Li, M. and Gao, F. (2003), \u201cWhy Nonaka highlights tacit knowledge: a critical review\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 6\u201014."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDermott, R. (1999), \u201cWhy information technology inspired but cannot deliver knowledge management\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 41 No. 4, p. 103\u2010+.","DOI":"10.2307\/41166012"},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b19","unstructured":"Makadok, R. (2001), \u201cToward a synthesis of the resource\u2010based and dynamic\u2010capability views of rent creation\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 22 No. 5, pp. 387\u2010401."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b21","unstructured":"Nelson, R.R. and Winter, S.G. (1982), An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b22","unstructured":"Nonaka, I. (1994), \u201cA dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 14\u201037."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b23","unstructured":"O'Dell, C. and Grayson, C.J. (1998), \u201cIf only we knew what we know: identification and transfer of internal best practices\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 40 No. 3, pp. 154\u201074."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b24","unstructured":"Polanyi, M. (1975), Personal Knowledge, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b25","unstructured":"Reber, A.S. (1989), \u201cImplicit learning and tacit knowledge\u201d, Journal of Experimental Psychology\u2010General, Vol. 118 No. 3, pp. 219\u201035."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b26","unstructured":"Satyadas, A., Harigopal, U. and Cassaigne, N.P. (2001), \u201cKnowledge management tutorial: an editorial overview\u201d, IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C\u2010Applications and Reviews, Vol. 31 No. 4, pp. 429\u201037."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teece, D.J. (1998a), \u201cCapturing value from knowledge assets: The new economy, markets for know\u2010how, and intangible assets\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 40 No. 3, p. 55\u2010+.","DOI":"10.2307\/41165943"},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teece, D.J. (1998b), \u201cResearch directions for knowledge management\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 40 No. 3, pp. 289\u201092.","DOI":"10.2307\/41165957"},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b29","unstructured":"Teece, D.J., Pisano, G. and Shuen, A. (1997), \u201cDynamic capabilities and strategic management\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 18 No. 7, pp. 509\u201033."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b30","unstructured":"Tiwana, A. and Mclean, E.R. (2005), \u201cExpertise integration and creativity in information systems development\u201d, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 22 No. 1, pp. 13\u201043."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b31","unstructured":"Tunney, R.J. (2003), \u201cImplicit and explicit knowledge decay at different rates: a dissociation between priming and recognition in artificial grammar learning\u201d, Experimental Psychology, Vol. 50 No. 2, pp. 124\u201030."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b32","unstructured":"Watson, R.T. (1999), Data Management: Databases and Organizations, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zack, M.H. (1999a), \u201cDeveloping a knowledge strategy\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 41 No. 3, pp. 125\u201045.","DOI":"10.2307\/41166000"},{"key":"key2021010501055469900_b34","unstructured":"Zack, M.H. (1999b), \u201cManaging codified knowledge\u201d, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 40 No. 4, pp. 45\u2010+."}],"container-title":["Journal of Knowledge Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/13673270710832190","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/13673270710832190\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/13673270710832190\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:11:21Z","timestamp":1753402281000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jkm\/article\/11\/6\/94-109\/257617"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,30]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/13673270710832190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/13673270710832190","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-3270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-3270","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,30]]}}}