{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T09:15:45Z","timestamp":1774948545163,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]],"date-time":"2008-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1221177600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>The paper aims to investigate how proximity dimensions affect the establishment of different knowledge relationships between gatekeepers and other economic actors involved in their knowledge\u2010based networks.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>The methodology is based on an inductive research approach, represented by the explorative case study of the Polytechnic University of Turin. The University's knowledge relationships are identified and distinguished through the analysis of its patent joint\u2010developments, citations, and R&amp;D projects. Then, for each knowledge relationship, geographical, organizational, and technological proximity between the University and the other economic actors are assessed, adopting suitable proxies.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>The data reveal that the University activates collaborative and exploitative relationships with actors characterized by geographical, organizational, and technological proximity. In contrast, collaborative and explorative relationships seem to require actors characterized by more distant technological competencies. Furthermore, the exchange of knowledge by means of non\u2010collaborative relationships occurs between the University and actors characterized only by technological proximity.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>On the basis of this analysis, actors can identify which proximity dimensions assume an important role for activating knowledge flows with gatekeepers. Regarding policy implications, the paper highlights how policy makers should leverage proximities in order to favour and support the exchange of knowledge, hence improving the innovative capability, competitiveness, and attractiveness of regional areas.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>This research contributes to shed further light on the nature of the relationships and knowledge flows exchanged by the gatekeepers. In particular, it analyzes how relational attributes can affect the knowledge transfer processes between economic actors.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270810902920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,27]],"date-time":"2008-09-27T07:05:20Z","timestamp":1222499120000},"page":"34-51","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Proximity and knowledge gatekeepers: the case of the Polytechnic University of Turin"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Messeni Petruzzelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albino, V., Carbonara, N. and Messeni Petruzzelli, A. (2007a), \u201cTechnology districts: proximity and knowledge access\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 11, pp. 98\u2010114.","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270710819834"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albino, V., Carbonara, N. and Messeni Petruzzelli, A. (2007b), \u201cProximity as a communication resource for competitiveness: a rationale for technology clusters\u201d, International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital, Vol. 4, pp. 430\u201052.","DOI":"10.1504\/IJLIC.2007.016337"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b4","unstructured":"Allen, T.J. (1977), Managing the Flow of Technology, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonelli, C. (2000), \u201cCollective knowledge communication and innovation: the evidence of technological districts\u201d, Regional Studies, Vol. 34, pp. 535\u201047.","DOI":"10.1080\/00343400050085657"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b7","unstructured":"Archibugi, D. and Michie, J. (1995), \u201cThe globalisation of technology: a new taxonomy\u201d, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 19, pp. 121\u201040."},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arundel, A. and Geuna, A. (2004), \u201cProximity and the use of public science by innovative European firms\u201d, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Vol. 13, pp. 559\u201080.","DOI":"10.1080\/1043859092000234311"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asheim, B.T. and Isaksen, A. (2002), \u201cRegional innovation systems: the integration of local \u2018sticky\u2019 and global \u2018ubiquitous\u2019 knowledge\u201d, Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 77\u201086.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013100704794"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b11","unstructured":"Audretsch, D.B. and Feldman, M. (1996), \u201cR&D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production\u201d, American Economic Review, Vol. 86, pp. 630\u201040."},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baptista, R. and Swann, P. (1998), \u201cDo firms in clusters innovate more?\u201d, Research Policy, Vol. 27, pp. 525\u201040.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(98)00065-1"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barney, J. (1991), \u201cFirm resources and sustained competitive advantage\u201d, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 17, pp. 99\u2010120.","DOI":"10.1177\/014920639101700108"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanc, H. and Sierra, C. (1999), \u201cThe internalisation of R&D by multinationals: a trade between external and internal proximity\u201d, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 23 No. 2, pp. 187\u2010206.","DOI":"10.1093\/cje\/23.2.187"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b16","unstructured":"Boschma, R.A. (2005a), \u201cSocial capital and regional development: an empirical analysis of the Third Italy\u201d, in Boschma, R.A. and Kloosterman, R.C. (Eds), Learning from Clusters. A Critical Assessment from an Economic\u2010Geographical Perspective, Springer\u2010Verlag, Dordrecht."},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boschma, R.A. (2005b), \u201cProximity and innovation: a critical assessment\u201d, Regional Studies, Vol. 39, pp. 61\u201074.","DOI":"10.1080\/0034340052000320887"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boschma, R.A. and ter Wal, A.L.J. (2007), \u201cKnowledge networks and innovative performance in an industrial district. The case of a footwear district in the South of Italy\u201d, Industry & Innovation, Vol. 14, pp. 177\u201099.","DOI":"10.1080\/13662710701253441"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breschi, S. and Lissoni, F. (2001), \u201cKnowledge spillovers and local innovation systems: a critical survey\u201d, Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 10, pp. 975\u20101005.","DOI":"10.1093\/icc\/10.4.975"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burmeister, A. and Colletis\u2010Wahl, K. (1997), \u201cProximity in production networks: the circulatory dimension\u201d, European Urban and Regional Studies, Vol. 4, pp. 231\u201041.","DOI":"10.1177\/096977649700400303"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burt, R.S. (2004), \u201cStructural holes and good ideas\u201d, The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 110, pp. 349\u201099.","DOI":"10.1086\/421787"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, W.M. and Levinthal, D.A. (1990), \u201cAbsorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation\u201d, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 35, pp. 128\u201052.","DOI":"10.2307\/2393553"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davenport, S. (2005), \u201cExploring the role of proximity in SME knowledge\u2010acquisition\u201d, Research Policy, Vol. 34, pp. 683\u2010701.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2005.03.006"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisenhardt, K.M. and Graebner, M.E. (2007), \u201cTheory building from cases: opportunities and challenges\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 50, pp. 25\u201032.","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2007.24160888"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feldman, M.P. (1999), \u201cThe new economies of innovation, spillovers and agglomeration: a review of empirical studies\u201d, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Vol. 8, pp. 5\u201025.","DOI":"10.1080\/10438599900000002"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freel, M.S. (2003), \u201cSectoral patterns of small firm innovation, networking and proximity\u201d, Research Policy, Vol. 32, pp. 751\u201070.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(02)00084-7"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilsing, V. and Nooteboom, B. (2006), \u201cExploration and exploitation in innovation systems: the case of pharmaceutical biotechnology\u201d, Research Policy, Vol. 35, pp. 1\u201023.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2005.06.007"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giuliani, E. and Bell, M. (2005), \u201cThe micro\u2010determinants of meso\u2010level learning and innovation: evidence from a Chilean wine cluster\u201d, Research Policy, Vol. 34, pp. 47\u201068.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2004.10.008"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grandori, A. and Soda, G. (1995), \u201cInter\u2010firms networks: antecedents, mechanisms and forms\u201d, Organization Studies, Vol. 16, pp. 183\u2010214.","DOI":"10.1177\/017084069501600201"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granovetter, M. (1973), \u201cThe strength of weak ties\u201d, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 78 No. 6, pp. 1360\u201080.","DOI":"10.1086\/225469"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, A.K., Smith, K.G. and Shalley, C.E. (2006), \u201cThe interplay between exploration and exploitation\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 49, pp. 693\u2010706.","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2006.22083026"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagedoorn, J. (2002), \u201cInter\u2010firm R&D partnerships: an overview of major trends and patterns since 1960\u201d, Research Policy, Vol. 31, pp. 477\u201092.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(01)00120-2"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hargadorn, A.B. (1998), \u201cFirms as knowledge brokers: lessons in pursuing continuous innovation\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 40, pp. 209\u201027.","DOI":"10.2307\/41165951"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b38","unstructured":"Hyypia, M. and Kautonen, M. (2005), \u201cDimensions of proximity in relationships between knowledge intensive business services firms and their clients\u201d, paper presented at Regional Studies Association International Conference on Regional Growth Agendas, Aalborg, May 28\u201031."},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaffe, A.B. (1986), \u201cTechnological opportunity and spillovers of R&D: evidence from firms' patents, profits, and market values\u201d, The American Economic Review, Vol. 76, pp. 984\u20101001.","DOI":"10.3386\/w1815"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaffe, A.B., Trajtenberg, M. and Henderson, R. (1993), \u201cGeographic localization and knowledge spillovers as evidence by patent citations\u201d, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 108, pp. 577\u201098.","DOI":"10.2307\/2118401"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalnins, A. and Chung, W. (2004), \u201cResource\u2010seeking agglomeration: a study of market entry in the lodging industry\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 25, pp. 689\u201099.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.403"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b42","unstructured":"Katz, D. and Kahn, R. (1996), The Social Psychology of Organizations, Wiley, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knoben, J. and Oerlemans, L.A.G. (2006), \u201cProximity and inter\u2010organizational collaboration: a literature review\u201d, International Journal of Management Review, Vol. 8, pp. 71\u201089.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2370.2006.00121.x"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b45","unstructured":"Krackardt, D. (1992), \u201cThe strength of strong ties\u201d, in Nohria, N. and Eccles, R.G. (Eds), Networks and Organizations, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA."},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b46","unstructured":"Krugman, P. (1991), Geography and Trade, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lechner, C. and Dowling, M. (2003), \u201cFirms network: external relationships as sources for the growth and competitiveness of entrepreneurial firms\u201d, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Vol. 15, pp. 1\u201026.","DOI":"10.1080\/08985620210159220"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b48","unstructured":"Leonard\u2010Burton, D. (1995), Wellsprings of Knowledge: Building and Sustaining The Sources of Innovation, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA."},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b49","unstructured":"Levitt, B. and March, J. (1996), \u201cOrganizational learning\u201d, in Cohen, M.D. and Sproull, L.S. (Eds), Organizational Learning, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA."},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacGarvie, M. (2005), \u201cThe determinant of international knowledge diffusion as measured by patent citations\u201d, Economic Letters, Vol. 87, pp. 121\u20106.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2004.09.011"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maillat, D. (1995), \u201cTerritorial dynamic, innovative milieu and regional policy\u201d, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol. 7, pp. 157\u201065.","DOI":"10.1080\/08985629500000010"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malerba, F. (1992), \u201cLearning by firms and incremental technical change\u201d, The Economic Journal, Vol. 102 No. 413, pp. 845\u201059.","DOI":"10.2307\/2234581"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b54","unstructured":"Malipiero, A., Munari, F. and Sobrero, M. (2005), \u201cFocal firms as technological gatekeepers within industrial districts: knowledge creation and dissemination in the Italian packaging machinery industry\u201d, paper presented at the DRUID Winter Conference, Aalborg."},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"March, J. (1991), \u201cExploration and exploitation in organizational learning\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 2, pp. 71\u201087.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.2.1.71"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b56","unstructured":"Morrison, A. (2004), \u201cDo leading firms feed industrial districts? Evidence from an Italian furniture district\u201d, paper presented at the DRUID PhD Conference, Rebild Bakker."},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niosi, J. and Zhegu, M. (2005), \u201cAerospace clusters: local or global knowledge spillovers?\u201d, Industry and Innovation, Vol. 12, pp. 5\u201029.","DOI":"10.1080\/1366271042000339049"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nooteboom, B. (2000), Learning and Innovation in Organizations and Economies, Oxford University Press, Oxford.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199241002.001.0001"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owen\u2010Smith, J. and Powell, W.W. (2004), \u201cKnowledge networks as channels and conduits: the effects of spillovers in Boston biotechnology community\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 15, pp. 2\u201021.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1030.0054"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polenske, K.R. (2004), \u201cCompetition, collaboration and cooperation: an uneasy triangle in networks of firms and regions\u201d, Regional Studies, Vol. 38, pp. 1029\u201043.","DOI":"10.1080\/0034340042000292629"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pouder, R. and John, C.H.S. (1996), \u201cHot spots and blind spots: geographical clusters of firms and innovation\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 21, pp. 1192\u2010225.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1996.9704071867"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Storper, M. and Venables, A.J. (2003), Buzz: Face\u2010to\u2010Face Contact and the Urban Economy, Centre for Economic Performance, London.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnlecg\/lbh027"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torre, A. and Rallet, A. (2005), \u201cProximity and localization\u201d, Regional Studies, Vol. 39, pp. 47\u201059.","DOI":"10.1080\/0034340052000320842"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trajtenberg, M. (2001), \u201cInnovation in Israel 1968\u201097: a comparative analysis using patent data\u201d, Research Policy, Vol. 30, pp. 363\u201090.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(00)00089-5"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tushman, M.L. (1997), \u201cSpecial boundary roles in the innovation process\u201d, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 22, pp. 587\u2010605.","DOI":"10.2307\/2392402"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tushman, M.L. and Katz, R. (1980), \u201cExternal communication and project performance: an investigation into the role of gatekeepers\u201d, Management Science, Vol. 26, pp. 1071\u201085.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.26.11.1071"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walpole, R.E. and Myers, R.H. (1978), Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists, 2nd ed., Collier Macmillan, London.","DOI":"10.2307\/2530629"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wuyts, S., Colombo, M.G., Dutta, S. and Noteboom, B. (2005), \u201cEmpirical tests of optimal cognitive distance\u201d, Journal of Economic Behavioural & Organization, Vol. 58, pp. 277\u2010302.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2004.03.019"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_frg3","unstructured":"Albino, V., Carbonara, N. and Messeni Petruzzelli, A. (2007c), \u201cPerformance of knowledge gatekeepers\u201d, paper presented at the 10th Uddevalla Symposium, Uddevalla, June 14\u201016."},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_frg5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, P. and Kogut, B. (1997), \u201cThe exploration of technological diversity and the geographic localization of innovation\u201d, Small Business Economics, Vol. 9, pp. 21\u201031.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007995512597"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_frg9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asheim, B.T. and Coenen, L. (2005), \u201cKnowledge bases and regional innovation systems: comparing Nordic clusters\u201d, Research Policy, Vol. 34, pp. 1173\u201090.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2005.03.013"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_frg14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beneito, P. (2006), \u201cThe innovative performance of in\u2010house and contracted R&D in terms of patents and utility models\u201d, Research Policy, Vol. 35, pp. 502\u201017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2006.01.007"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_frg19","unstructured":"Boschma, R.A., Lambooy, J.G. and Schutjens, V. (2002), \u201cEmbeddedness and innovation\u201d, in Tayllor, M. and Leonard, S. (Eds), Embedded Enterprise and Social Capital. International Perspectives, Ashgate, Aldershot."},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_frg24","unstructured":"Cooke, P. (2004), \u201cEvolution of regional innovation systems \u2013 emergence, theory, challenge for action\u201d, in Cooke, P., Heidenreich, M. and Braczyk, H.J. (Eds), Regional Innovation Systems, Routledge, London."},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_frg30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gittleman, M. (2006), \u201cNational institutions, public\u2010private knowledge flows, and innovation performance: a comparative study of the biotechnology industry in the US and France\u201d, Research Policy, Vol. 35, pp. 1052\u201068.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2006.05.005"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_frg32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodman, L.A. and Kruskal, W.H. (1954), \u201cMeasures of association for cross\u2010classification\u201d, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 49, pp. 732\u201064.","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1954.10501231"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_frg43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kautonen, M. (1996), \u201cEmerging innovative networks and milieux: the case of the furniture industry in the Lathi\u201d, European Planning Studies, Vol. 4, pp. 439\u201056.","DOI":"10.1080\/09654319608720357"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_frg50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lublinski, A.E. (2003), \u201cDoes geographic proximity matter? Evidence from clustered and non\u2010clustered aeronautic firms in Germany\u201d, Regional Studies, Vol. 37, pp. 453\u201067.","DOI":"10.1080\/0034340032000089031"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_frg57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moulaert, F. and Sekia, F. (2003), \u201cTerritorial innovation models: a critical survey\u201d, Regional Studies, Vol. 37, pp. 289\u2010302.","DOI":"10.1080\/0034340032000065442"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_frg60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oerlemans, L.A.G. and Meeus, M.T.H. (2005), \u201cDo organizational and spatial proximity impact on firm performance?\u201d, Regional Studies, Vol. 39, pp. 89\u2010104.","DOI":"10.1080\/0034340052000320896"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_frg63","unstructured":"Porter, M. (1998), \u201cClusters and the new economics of competition\u201d, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 76, pp. 77\u201090."},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_frg65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reagans, R. and McEvily, B. (2003), \u201cNetwork structure and knowledge transfer: the effects of cohesion and range\u201d, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 48, pp. 240\u201067.","DOI":"10.2307\/3556658"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_frg71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uzzi, B. (1997), \u201cSocial structure and competition in interfirm networks: the paradox of embeddedness\u201d, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 42, pp. 35\u201067.","DOI":"10.2307\/2393808"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_frg73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkof, M.V., Brown, D.W. and Selsky, J.W. (1995), \u201cWhen the stories are different: the influence of corporate culture mismatches on interorganizational relations\u201d, The Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, Vol. 31, pp. 373\u201088.","DOI":"10.1177\/0021886395313008"},{"key":"key2022031820334001200_frg75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeller, C. (2004), \u201cNorth Atlantic innovative relations of Swiss pharmaceuticals and the proximities with regional biotech arenas\u201d, Economic Geography, Vol. 80, pp. 83\u2010111.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1944-8287.2004.tb00230.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Knowledge Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/13673270810902920","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/13673270810902920\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/13673270810902920\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:11:29Z","timestamp":1753402289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jkm\/article\/12\/5\/34-51\/260336"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Carrillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/13673270810902920"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/13673270810902920","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-3270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-3270","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]]}}}