{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T03:46:36Z","timestamp":1780544796584,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,5]],"date-time":"2011-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1301961600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>This research seeks to explore the transfer and sharing of knowledge in entrepreneurial product development (EPD).<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>The effects of organizational complexity and of the temporal locus of learning on knowledge sharing are closely examined through a qualitative case study of four projects in a mid\u2010size manufacturing firm.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Distinguishing between the prior and resulting shared knowledge, this paper uses case studies to establish the importance of learning\u2010before\u2010doing over learning\u2010by\u2010doing under conditions of entrepreneurial resource constraints.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>This paper revisits and extends the Hoopes and Postrel knowledge integration framework to include the mediating effects of organizational complexity and timing of learning on EPD performance in technology\u2010based firms.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>In order to better capture the impact of knowledge sharing on EPD, the paper also develops a method for measuring knowledge transfer directly in terms of three knowledge dimensions: depth, scope, and action.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>The paper revisits and advances the conversation on knowledge sharing to highlight the importance of learning before doing in (entrepreneurial) firms facing resource constraints, where pure reliance on \u201con the job learning\u201d may impede efficiencies and delay the absorption of knowledge for effective collaboration, integration and gains.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/13673271111119691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,26]],"date-time":"2011-03-26T08:10:43Z","timestamp":1301127043000},"page":"270-298","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A qualitative exploration of entrepreneurial knowledge transfers"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Alan T.","family":"Burns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Acar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratim","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adler, P.S. (1995), \u201cInterdepartmental interdependence and coordination: the case of the design\/manufacturing interface\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 147\u201067.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.6.2.147"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adler, P.S. and Clark, K.B. (1991), \u201cBehind the learning curve: a sketch of the learning process\u201d, Management Science, Vol. 37 No. 3, pp. 383\u201097.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.37.3.267"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen, T.J. (1986), \u201cOrganizational structures, information technology and R&D productivity\u201d, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. 33 No. 4, pp. 212\u201017.","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.1986.6447681"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armstrong, S.J. and Mahmoud, A. (2008), \u201cExperiential learning and the acquisition of managerial tacit knowledge\u201d, Academy of Management Learning & Education, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 189\u2010208.","DOI":"10.5465\/amle.2008.32712617"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arrow, K.J. (1962), \u201cThe economic implications of learning by doing\u201d, Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 155\u201073.","DOI":"10.2307\/2295952"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashby, W.R. (1956), An Introduction to Cybernetics, Chapman & Hall, London.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.5851"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barr, S.H., Baker, T., Markham, S.K. and Kingon, A.I. (2009), \u201cBridging the valley of death: lessons learned from 14 years of commercialization of technology education\u201d, Academy of Management Learning and Education, Vol. 8 No. 3, pp. 370\u201088.","DOI":"10.5465\/AMLE.2009.44287937"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b10","unstructured":"B\u00f6hn, R.E. (1994), \u201cMeasuring and managing technological knowledge\u201d, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 36 No. 1, pp. 61\u201073."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, S. and Eisenhardt, K.M. (1997), \u201cThe art of continuous change: linking complexity theory and time\u2010paced evolution in relentlessly shifting organizations\u201d, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 42 No. 1, pp. 1\u201034.","DOI":"10.2307\/2393807"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b12","unstructured":"Burns, A.T. and Acar, W. (2001), \u201cCapturing knowledge transfers in product development with semi\u2010structured interviews?\u201d, Proceedings, Conference of Southern Management Association in New Orleans, LA, November 2001, pp. 386\u201091."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b13","unstructured":"Burns, T. and Stalker, G.M. (1961), The Management of Innovation, Tavistock Publications, London."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b14","unstructured":"Churchman, C.W. (1968), Challenge to Reason, McGraw\u2010Hill, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b15","unstructured":"Clark, K. and Fujimoto, T. (1991), Product Development Performance: Strategy, Organization, and Management in the World Auto Industry, Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, W.M. and Levinthal, D.A. (1990), \u201cAbsorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation\u201d, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 35 No. 1, pp. 128\u201052.","DOI":"10.2307\/2393553"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b18","unstructured":"Cyert, R.M. and March, J.G.A. (1963), Behavioral Theory of the Firm, Prentice\u2010Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Datta, P. (2007), \u201cAn agent\u2010mediated knowledge in motion (KiM) model\u201d, Journal of the Association of Information Systems, Vol. 8 No. 5, pp. 1\u201026.","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00130"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Driva, H. and Pawar, K.S. (2000), \u201cMeasuring product development performance in manufacturing organisations\u201d, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 63 No. 2, pp. 147\u201060.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5273(99)00007-9"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989), \u201cBuilding theories from case study research\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 14 No. 4, pp. 532\u201050.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1989.4308385"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b24","unstructured":"Fauconnier, G. and Turner, M. (2003), The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind's Hidden Complexities, Basic Books, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiol, M. (1995), \u201cThought worlds colliding: the role of contradiction in corporate innovation process\u201d, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 19 No. 3, pp. 7\u201019.","DOI":"10.1177\/104225879501900306"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b26","unstructured":"Galbraith, J.R. (1973), Designing Complex Organizations, Addison\u2010Wesley, Reading, MA."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b28","unstructured":"Glaser, B.G. and Strauss, A.L. (1967), The Discovery of Grounded Theory, Aldine, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b29","unstructured":"Glesne, C. and Peshkin, A. (1992), Becoming Qualitative Researchers: An Introduction, Longman Publishing Group, White Plains, NY."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, R.M. (1996), \u201cToward a knowledge\u2010based theory of the firm\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17, Winter, special issue, pp. 109\u201022.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250171110"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gresov, C., Drazin, R. and Van de Ven, A.H. (1989), \u201cWork\u2010unit task uncertainty, design and morale\u201d, Organization Studies, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 45\u201062.","DOI":"10.1177\/017084068901000103"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, A.K. and Wilemon, D.L. (1999), \u201cAccelerating the development of technology\u2010based new products\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 24\u201067.","DOI":"10.2307\/41166603"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatch, N.W. and Dyer, J.H. (2004), \u201cHuman capital and learning as a source of sustainable competitive advantage\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 25 No. 12, pp. 1155\u201078.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.421"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helfat, C.E. and Peteraf, M.A. (2003), \u201cThe dynamic resource\u2010based view: capability lifecycles\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24 No. 10, pp. 997\u20101010.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.332"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henderson, R. and Clark, K. (1990), \u201cArchitechural innovation: the reconfiguration of existing product technologies and the failure of established firms\u201d, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 35 No. 1, pp. 9\u201030.","DOI":"10.2307\/2393549"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. and Lee, H. (2000), \u201cTechnological learning, knowledge management, firm growth and performance: an introductory essay\u201d, Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Vol. 17 Nos 3\/4, pp. 231\u201046.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-4748(00)00024-2"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoopes, D.G. and Postrel, S. (1999), \u201cShared knowledge, glitches, and product development performance\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 20 No. 9, pp. 837\u201065.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0266(199909)20:9<837::AID-SMJ54>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoopes, D.G., Madsen, T.L. and Walker, G. (2003), \u201cWhy is there a resource\u2010based view? Toward a theory of competitive heterogeneity\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24 No. 10, pp. 889\u2010902.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.356"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iansiti, M. (1995), \u201cTechnology integration: managing technological evolution in a complex environment\u201d, Research Policy, Vol. 24 No. 4, pp. 521\u201042.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(94)00781-0"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jablokow, K.W. and Booth, D.E. (2006), \u201cThe impact and management of cognitive gap in high performance product development organizations\u201d, Journal of Engineering & Technology Management, Vol. 23 No. 3, pp. 313\u201036.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jengtecman.2006.08.003"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller, R.T. (1994), \u201cTechnology\u2010information processing fit and the performance of R&D project groups: a test of contingency theory\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 37 No. 1, pp. 167\u201079.","DOI":"10.2307\/256775"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler, E.H. (2000), \u201cTightening the belt: methods for reducing development costs associated with new product innovation\u201d, Journal of Engineering & Technology Management, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 59\u201092.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-4748(99)00020-X"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b43","unstructured":"Koestler, A. (1967), The Ghost in the Machine, Hutchinson, London."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohli, A.K. and Jaworski, B.J. (1990), \u201cMarket orientation: the construct, research propositions, and managerial implications\u201d, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 54, April, pp. 1\u201018.","DOI":"10.1177\/002224299005400201"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b46","unstructured":"Kvale, S. (1996), Interviews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakoff, G. (1990), \u201cThe invariance hypothesis: is abstract reason based on image\u2010schemas?\u201d, Cognitive Linguistics, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 39\u201074.","DOI":"10.1515\/cogl.1990.1.1.39"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lane, P.J. and Lubatkin, M. (1998), \u201cRelative absorptive capacity and interorganizational learning\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 19 No. 5, pp. 461\u201077.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0266(199805)19:5<461::AID-SMJ953>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b49","unstructured":"Leavy, B. (1996), Key Processes in Strategy, Thomson Learning, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b50","unstructured":"Leonard\u2010Barton, D. (1992), \u201cThe factory as a learning laboratory\u201d, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 34 No. 1, pp. 23\u201038."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin, D.Z. (2000), \u201cOrganizational learning and the transfer of knowledge: an investigation of quality improvement\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 11 No. 6, pp. 630\u201047.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.11.6.630.12535"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T. and Calantone, R.J. (1998), \u201cThe impact of market knowledge competence on new product advantage: conceptualization and empirical examination\u201d, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 62, October, pp. 13\u201029.","DOI":"10.1177\/002224299806200402"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lichtenthaler, U. and Lichtenthaler, E. (2009), \u201cA capability\u2010based framework for open innovation: complementing absorptive capacity\u201d, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 46 No. 8, pp. 1315\u201038.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2009.00854.x"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b55","unstructured":"March, J.G. and Simon, H.A. (1958), Organizations, Wiley, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b56","unstructured":"Merton, R.K., Fiske, M. and Kendall, P.L. (1956), Focused Interviews: A Manual of Problems and Procedures, Free Press, Glencoe, IL."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b57","unstructured":"Miles, M. and Huberman, M. (1994), Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook, 2nd ed., Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b58","unstructured":"Mintzberg, H. (1979), The Structuring of Organizations, Prentice\u2010Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nass, C. (1994), \u201cKnowledge or skills? Which do administrators learn from experience?\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 38\u201048.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.5.1.38"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b61","unstructured":"Nelson, R.R. and Winter, S.G. (1982), An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pisano, G.P. (1996), \u201cLearning\u2010before\u2010doing in the development of new process technology\u201d, Research Policy, Vol. 25 No. 7, pp. 1097\u2010119.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(96)00896-7"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitt, M. and MacVaugh, J. (2008), \u201cKnowledge management for new product development\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 101\u201016.","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270810884282"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purser, R.E., Pasmore, W. and Tenkasi, R. (1992), \u201cThe influence of deliberations on learning in new product development teams\u201d, Journal of Engineering & Technology Management, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 1\u201028.","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-4748(92)90009-T"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b67","unstructured":"Shannon, C.E. and Weaver, W. (1949), The Mathematical Theory of Communication, Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sicotte, H. and Langley, A. (2000), \u201cIntegration mechanisms and R&D project performance\u201d, Journal of Engineering & Technology Management, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 1\u201037.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-4748(99)00018-1"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon, H. (1991), \u201cBounded rationality and organizational learning\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 125\u201034.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.2.1.125"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spender, J.C. (1996), \u201cMaking knowledge the basis of a dynamic theory of the firm\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17, Winter, special issue, pp. 45\u201062.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250171106"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b71","unstructured":"Susman, G. and Dean, J. (1992), \u201cDevelopment of a model for predicting design for manufacturability effectiveness\u201d, in Susman, G. (Ed.), Integrating Design and Manufacturing for Competitive Advantage, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, pp. 207\u201027."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Susman, G.I. and Ray, J.M. (1999), \u201cTest of a model of organizational contributors to product development team effectiveness\u201d, Journal of Engineering & Technology Management, Vol. 16 Nos 3\/4, pp. 223\u201045.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-4748(99)00010-7"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szulanski, G. (1996), \u201cExploring internal stickiness: impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17, Winter, special issue, pp. 27\u201043.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250171105"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szulanski, G. (2000), \u201cThe process of knowledge transfer: a diachronic analysis of stickiness\u201d, Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, Vol. 82 No. 1, pp. 9\u201027.","DOI":"10.1006\/obhd.2000.2884"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b75","unstructured":"Takeuchi, H. and Nonaka, I. (1986), \u201cThe new product development game\u201d, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 64 No. 1, pp. 137\u201046."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terwiesch, C. and B\u00f6hn, R.E. (2001), \u201cLearning and process improvement during production ramp\u2010up\u201d, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 70 No. 1, pp. 1\u201019.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5273(00)00045-1"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b77","unstructured":"Thomke, S. (2001), \u201cEnlightened experimentation: the new imperative for innovation\u201d, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 79 No. 2, pp. 66\u201075."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomke, S. and Reinertsen, D. (1998), \u201cAgile product development: managing development flexibility in uncertain environments\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 41 No. 1, pp. 8\u201030.","DOI":"10.2307\/41165973"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsoukas, H. (2009), \u201cA dialogical approach to the creation of new knowledge in organizations\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 20 No. 6, pp. 941\u201057.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1090.0435"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyre, M.J. and Orlikowski, W.J. (1994), \u201cWindows of opportunity: temporal patterns of technological adaptation in organizations\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 98\u2010118.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.5.1.98"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaghely, I.P. and Julien, P.\u2010A. (2010), \u201cAre opportunities recognized or constructed? An information perspective on entrepreneurial opportunity identification\u201d, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 73\u201086.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2008.06.004"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van de Ven, A.H. and Delbecq, A.L. (1974), \u201cA task\u2010contingent model of work\u2010unit structure\u201d, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 183\u201097.","DOI":"10.2307\/2393888"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Hippel, E. and Tyre, M.J. (1995), \u201cHow learning by doing is done: problem identification in novel process equipment\u201d, Research Policy, Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 1\u201012.","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(93)00747-H"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, C. (2007), \u201cTransfer in context: replication and adaptation in knowledge transfer relationships\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 28 No. 9, pp. 867\u201089.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.614"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b86","unstructured":"Yin, R.K. (1994), Case Study Research: Design and Methods, 2nd ed., Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young, A. (1993), \u201cInvention and bounded learning by doing\u201d, The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 101 No. 3, pp. 443\u201072.","DOI":"10.1086\/261882"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahra, S.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hitt, M.A. (2000), \u201cInternational expansion by new venture firms: international diversity, mode of market entry, technological learning, and performance\u201d, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 43 No. 5, pp. 925\u201050.","DOI":"10.2307\/1556420"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_b89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J. and Baden\u2010Fuller, C. (2009), \u201cThe influence of technological knowledge base and organizational structure on technology collaboration\u201d, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 47 No. 4, pp. 679\u2010704.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2009.00885.x"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_frd4","unstructured":"Argote, L. (1999), Organizational Learning: Creating, Retaining and Transferring Knowledge, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwall, MA."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_frd5","unstructured":"Argyris, C. (1993), Knowledge for Action: A Guide to Overcoming Barriers to Organizational Change, Jossey\u2010Bass, San Francisco, CA."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_frd17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, W.M., Nelson, R. and Walsh, J.P. (2002), \u201cLinks and impacts: the influence of public research on industrial R&D\u201d, Management Science, Vol. 48 No. 1, pp. 1\u201023.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.48.1.1.14273"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_frd20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dewar, R.D. and Dutton, J.E. (1986), \u201cThe adoption of radical and incremental innovations: an empirical analysis\u201d, Management Science, Vol. 32 No. 11, pp. 1422\u201033.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.32.11.1422"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_frd21","unstructured":"Dreyfus, H.L. (1998), \u201cIntuitive, deliberative and calculative models of expert performance\u201d, in Zsambok, C.E. and Klein, G. (Eds), Naturalistic Decision Making, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_frd27","unstructured":"Garud, R. (1997), \u201cOn the distinction between know\u2010how, know\u2010why and know\u2010what\u201d, in Walsh, J. and Huff, A. (Eds), Advances in Strategic Management, JAI Press, London, pp. 81\u2010101."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_frd44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kogut, B. and Zander, U. (1992), \u201cKnowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology\u201d, Organization Science, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 383\u201097.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.3.3.383"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_frd54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machlup, F. (1980), Knowledge, Its Creation, Distribution, and Economic Significance, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400856008"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_frd59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nahapiet, J. and Ghoshal, S. (1998), \u201cSocial capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23 No. 2, pp. 242\u201066.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1998.533225"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_frd62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nonaka, I. and Takeuchi, H. (1995), The Knowledge\u2010Creating Company, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195092691.001.0001"},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_frd65","unstructured":"Polanyi, M. (1958), Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post\u2010critical Philosophy, Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL."},{"key":"key2022021120084649800_frdg84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Krogh, G., Ichijo, K. and Nonaka, I. (2000), Enabling Knowledge Creation, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, NY.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195126167.001.0001"}],"container-title":["Journal of Knowledge Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/13673271111119691","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/13673271111119691\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/13673271111119691\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:11:51Z","timestamp":1753402311000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jkm\/article\/15\/2\/270-298\/258747"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,5]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/13673271111119691"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/13673271111119691","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-3270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-3270","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,5]]}}}