{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T14:26:01Z","timestamp":1773757561582,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,1]],"date-time":"2002-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1020211200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Uses a rich academic and professional literature to demonstrate that the rise and plateau of the US quality movement was the outcome of a complex senior management decision process that extended well beyond the problem of closing a quality gap between US and Japanese competitors. Firms in many industries adopted quality programs to solve simultaneously several problems more serious than quality. The managers of these same firms later revised their strategic agendas by replacing quality with new programs that addressed emerging problems that demanded their attention and resources. The conclusions of this research will help senior managers in many countries to decide whether to commit resources to support new managerial movements, and if so, to determine when to commit these resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1108\/14637150210425090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,28]],"date-time":"2002-07-28T18:57:17Z","timestamp":1027882637000},"page":"117-139","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Perspectives on the American quality movement"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Dory","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lewis","family":"Schier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b1","unstructured":"Abern, H. (1981), \u201cJapan Inc. goes international\u201d, Business Week, Industrial, No. 2718, New York, NY, 14 December, pp. 40\u20109."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b2","unstructured":"Abernathy, W. (1982), The Competitive Status of the US Auto Industry, National Academy Press, Washington, DC."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b3","unstructured":"Abernathy, W.J., Clark, K.B. and Kantrow, A.M. (1983), Industrial Renaissance: Producing a Competitive Future for America, Basic Books, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b4","unstructured":"Banks, H. (1992), \u201cThe world\u2019s most competitive economy\u201d, Forbes, Vol. 149 No. 7, 30 March, pp. 84ff."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b5","unstructured":"Beer, S. (1959), Cybernetics and Management, John Wiley, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belohlav, J.A. (1993), \u201cQuality, strategy, and competitiveness\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 35 No. 3, Spring, pp. 55\u201067.","DOI":"10.2307\/41166743"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b7","unstructured":"Brammer, R. (1981), \u201cHere comes Singer \u2013 again\u201d, Financial World, Vol. 150 No. 3, New York, NY, 1 February, pp. 16\u201023."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b8","unstructured":"Breshahan, T.F. (1985), \u201cPost\u2010entry competition in the plain paper copier market\u201d, American Economic Review, Vol. 75 No. 2, May, pp. 15\u201019."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b9","unstructured":"Broadcasting (1977), \u201cWill the price of imported electronics gear be pushed up?\u201d, Broadcasting, Vol. 92, 18 April, pp. 16, 66."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b10","unstructured":"Business Week (1978a), \u201cThe TV\u2010set competition that won\u2019t go away\u201d, Business Week, Industrial, No. 2533, 8 May, pp. 86\u20108."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b11","unstructured":"Business Week (1978b), \u201cSeiko\u2019s smash \u2013 the quartz watch overwhelms the industry\u201d, Business Week, Industrial, No. 2537, 5 June, pp. 86\u201097."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b12","unstructured":"Business Week (1980), \u201cJapanese heat on the watch industry\u201d, Business Week, Industrial, No. 2635, New York, NY, pp. 92\u2010103."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b13","unstructured":"Business Week (1981), \u201cCaterpillar: sticking to basics to stay competitive\u201d, Business Week, Industrial, No. 2686, New York, NY, 4 May, pp. 74\u201080."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b14","unstructured":"Business Week (1983), \u201cFuji photo: sharpening its image in the US as it develops new products\u201d, Business Week, Industrial, No. 2813, 14 October, pp. 88\u201092."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b15","unstructured":"Business Week (1984a), \u201cA shaken Caterpillar retools to take on a more competitive world\u201d, Business Week, Industrial, No. 2867, 5 November, pp. 91\u20104."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b16","unstructured":"Business Week (1984b), \u201cKomatsu digs deeper into the US\u201d, Business Week, Industrial, No. 2862, 1 October, p. 53."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b17","unstructured":"Business Week (1984c), \u201cPrice wars and a glut have the world\u2019s watchmakers in chaos\u201d, Business Week, Industrial, No. 2829, 20 February, pp. 102D\u2010102L."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b18","unstructured":"Byrne, J.A. (1983), \u201cMade (again) in the USA\u201d, Forbes, Vol. 131 No. 11, 23 May, New York, NY, pp. 35\u20106."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b19","unstructured":"Canto, V.A. and Laffer, A.B. (1983), \u201cThe effectiveness of orderly marketing agreements: the color TV case\u201d, Business Economics, Vol. 18 No. 1, January, pp. 38\u201045."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carman, J.M. (1993), \u201cContinuous quality improvement as a survival strategy: the Southern Pacific experience\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 35 No. 3, Spring, pp. 118\u201032.","DOI":"10.2307\/41166747"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b21","unstructured":"Cavanaugh, T. (1995), \u201cQuality strategies \u201995: benchmarking goes global\u201d, Chemical Marketing Reporter, Vol. 247 No. 15, 10 April, pp. 16\u201018."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b22","unstructured":"Colarossi, B. (1980), \u201cIt\u2019s not the product, it\u2019s the productivity\u201d, Advertising Age, Chicago, IL, 1 December, pp. 51, 52, 58."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b23","unstructured":"Cole, R.E. (Ed.) (1995), The Death and Life of the American Quality Movement, Oxford University Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole, R.E. (1998), \u201cLearning from the quality movement: what did and didn\u2019t happen and why\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 41 No. 141 Autumn, pp. 43\u201073.","DOI":"10.2307\/41165975"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole, R.E. (1999), Managing Quality Fads: How American Business Learned to Pay the Quality Game, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.","DOI":"10.1097\/01445442-200011000-00013"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole, R.E., Bacdayan, P. and White, B.J. (1993) \u201cQuality, participation, and competitiveness\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 35 No. 3, Spring, pp. 68\u201081.","DOI":"10.2307\/41166744"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, R.G. (1995), \u201cDeveloping new products on time, in time\u201d, Research Technology Management, Vol. 38 No. 5, September\u2010October, pp. 49\u201057.","DOI":"10.1080\/08956308.1995.11674295"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b28","unstructured":"D\u2019Aveni, R. (1994), Hypercompetition: Managing the Dynamics of Strategic Maneuvering, Free Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b29","unstructured":"Davis, L.A. (1992), \u201cSurge in US exports supports economy, employment\u201d, Business America, Vol. 113 No. 10, 18 May, pp. 27ff."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b30","unstructured":"Deitz, D. (1995), \u201cCustomer\u2010driven product delivery\u201d, Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 117 No. 12, December, pp. 72\u20107."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b31","unstructured":"Dreyfack, K. and Frons, M. (1985), \u201cBob Galvin\u2019s angry campaign against Japan: Motorola\u2019s chief says American industry is forced to defect to survive\u201d, Business Week, Industrial, No. 2890, 15 April, New York, NY, pp. 70\u20101."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b32","unstructured":"Drucker, P.F. (1954), The Practice of Management, Harper & Row, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dumaine, B. (1992), \u201cIs big still good\u201d, Fortune, Vol. 125 No. 8, 20 April, pp. 50\u20105.","DOI":"10.1080\/03060497.1992.11085263"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Easton, G.S. (1993), \u201cThe 1993 state of US total quality management: a Baldrige examiner\u2019s perspective\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 35 No. 3, Spring, pp. 32\u201054.","DOI":"10.2307\/41166742"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b35","unstructured":"(The) Economist (1997), \u201cDelivering the goods\u201d, The Economist, Vol. 345 No. 8043, 15 November, pp. 85\u20106."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b36","unstructured":"Financial World (1980), \u201cHas Zenith reached its nadir: all the evidence says yes\u201d, Financial World, Vol. 149, September, pp. 17, 25\u20106."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b37","unstructured":"Flaherty, M.T. and Itami, H. (1984), \u201cFinance\u201d, in Okimoto, D., Sugano, T. and Weinstein, F. (Eds), Competitive Edge: The Semiconductor Industry in the US and Japan, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, pp. 134\u201076."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forbes (1978), \u201cNo happy ending\u201d, Forbes, Vol. 122, December, pp. 12, 35.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0080443600002600"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b39","unstructured":"Freund, W. and Epstein, E. (1984), People and Productivity, Dow Jones\u2010Irwin, Homewood, IL."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b40","unstructured":"Garnett, N. (1988), \u201cA chilly blast for the Japanese\u201d, Financial Times, 11 January, p. 21."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b41","unstructured":"Garvin, D. (1983), \u201cQuality on the line\u201d, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 61 No. 5, September\u2010October, pp. 64\u201075."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b42","unstructured":"Garvin, D.A. (1991), \u201cHow the Baldrige award really works\u201d, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 69 No. 6, November\u2010December, pp. 80\u201095."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b43","unstructured":"Grant, R.M., Shani, R. and Krishnan, R. (1994), \u201cTQM\u2019s challenge to management theory and practice\u201d, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 35 No. 2, Winter, pp. 25\u201036."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b44","unstructured":"Griffin, A., Gleason, G., Preiss, R. and Shevenaugh, D. (1995), \u201cBest practice for customer satisfaction in manufacturing firms\u201d, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 36 No. 2, Winter, pp. 87\u201098."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b45","unstructured":"Gross, L. (1983), \u201cBargained birthright?: US companies\u2019 technical help for Komatsu beginning in the 1960s has come back to haunt them and Caterpillar Tractor\u201d, Forbes, Vol. 131, New York, NY, 6 June, pp. 12, 46\u201050."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gustman, A.L. and Mitchell, O.S. (1994), \u201cThe role of pensions in the labor market: a survey of the literature\u201d, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 47 No. 3, April, pp. 417\u201038.","DOI":"10.1177\/001979399404700304"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammer, M. and Champy, J. (1993), Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution, Harper\u2010Collins, New York, NY.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-6813(05)80064-3"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b48","unstructured":"Hauser, J. and Clausing, D. (1988), \u201cThe house of quality\u201d, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 66 No. 3, May\u2010June, pp. 63\u201073."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b49","unstructured":"Hayes, R., Wheelwright, S. and Clark, K.B. (1988), Dynamic Manufacturing, Free Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b50","unstructured":"Helm, L. and Ackman, R. (1985), \u201cOffice products: a Japanese slugfest for US turf\u201d, Business Week, Industrial,  No. 2894, New York, NY, 13 May, pp. 98\u2010102."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins, S.H. (1996), \u201cTowards taming the labor\u2010management frontier: a strategic marketing framework\u201d, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 15 No. 4, April, p. 475.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00380367"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b52","unstructured":"Holusha, J. (1989), \u201cAn industry\u2019s race with summer\u201d, New York Times, 23 February, p. D\u20101."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurley, R.F. and Laitamaki, J.M. (1995), \u201cTotal quality research: integrating markets and the organization\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 38 No. 1, Fall, pp. 59\u201078.","DOI":"10.2307\/41165821"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b54","unstructured":"Industry Week (1978), \u201cDid steel importers violate antitrust law?\u201d, Industry Week, Vol. 199 No. 2, Cleveland, 16 October, p. 19."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b55","unstructured":"Jasinowski, J.J. (1995), \u201cHow we made America work\u201d, Manufacturing Engineering, Vol. 114 No. 6, June, pp. 112ff."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanji, G.K. (1990), \u201cTotal quality management: myth or miracle?\u201d, Total Quality Management, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 163\u20107.","DOI":"10.1080\/09544129000000021"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kano, N. (1993), \u201cA perspective on quality activities in American firms\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 35 No. 3, Spring, pp. 12\u201031.","DOI":"10.2307\/41166741"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b58","unstructured":"Kaufman, R.S. (1992), \u201cWhy operations improvement programs fail: four managerial contradictions\u201d, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 34 No. 1, Fall, pp. 83\u201094."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kearns, D.T. (1985), \u201cXerox\u2019s productivity is worth copying\u201d, Planning Review, Vol. 13 No. 3, May, pp. 14\u201018.","DOI":"10.1108\/eb054100"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b60","unstructured":"Kerka, A. (1985) \u2018\u2018Imports and domestic steel\u201d, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Commentary, No. 00279928, 15 April, pp. 1\u20104."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b61","unstructured":"Kindel, S. (1990), \u201cOn the block\u201d, Financial World, Vol. 159 No. 5, 6 March, pp. 22\u20106."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b62","unstructured":"Kirk, D. (1977), \u201cThe high cost of doing business with Japan\u201d, Saturday Review, Vol. 4, New York, NY, 19 March, pp. 11, 20\u20106."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolesar, P.J. (1993), \u201cVision, values, milestones: Paul O\u2019Neill starts total quality at Alcoa\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 35 No. 3, Spring, pp. 133\u201065.","DOI":"10.2307\/41166748"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kordupleski, R.E., Rust, R.T. and Zahorik, A.J. (1993), \u201cWhy improving quality doesn\u2019t improve quality (or whatever happened to marketing?)\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 35 No. 3, Spring, pp. 82\u201095.","DOI":"10.2307\/41166745"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b65","unstructured":"Kotler, P., Fahey, L. and Jatusripitak, S. (1985), \u201cHow to outmarket Japan: meeting \u201cthe new competition,\u201d Ad Forum, Vol. 6, April, pp. 4, 63\u20108."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b66","unstructured":"Krisher, B. (1981), \u201cKomatsu on the track of Cat\u201d, Fortune, Vol. 103 No. 8, pp. 164\u201074."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b67","unstructured":"Lawler, E. II, Mohrman, S. and Ledford, G. Jr (1992), Employee Involvement and Total Quality Management: Practices and Results in Fortune 1000 Companies, Josey\u2010Bass, San Francisco, CA."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b68","unstructured":"Lawrence, P. and Lorsch, J. (1969), Organization and Environment: Managing Differentiation and Integration, Richard D. Irwin, Homewood, IL."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b69","unstructured":"Lee, S.M. and Ebrahimpour, M. (1985), \u201cAn analysis of Japanese quality control systems: implications for American manufacturing firms\u201d, S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal, Vol. 50 No. 2, Spring, pp. 24\u201031."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b70","unstructured":"Leonard, F.S. (1988), \u201cThe case of the quality crusader\u201d, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 66 No. 3, May\u2010June, pp. 12\u201020."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b71","unstructured":"Loomis, C.J. (1983), \u201cHigh stakes in the Cat fight\u201d, Fortune, Vol. 107, 2 May, pp.  9, 67\u201080."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b72","unstructured":"Loomis, C.J. (1994), \u201cThe real action in health care\u201d, Fortune, Vol. 130 No. 1, 11 July, pp. 149ff."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b73","unstructured":"McAbee, M. (1979), \u201cJapanese aren\u2019t copycats anymore\u201d, Industry Week, Vol. 203, November, pp. 4, 71\u20102."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b74","unstructured":"McConville, D.J. (1985), \u201cCat\u2019s back: after four tough years in the red\u201d, Barron\u2019s, Vol. 65, 1 April, pp. 13, 36\u20107."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b75","unstructured":"McMillion, C. (1985), \u201cAutomate, emigrate, or evaporate \u2013 America\u2019s choices in the global economy\u201d, The Futurist, Vol. 19 No. 2, April, pp. 45\u20108."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b76","unstructured":"Magaziner, I. and Reich, R. (1982), Minding America\u2019s Business, Random House, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b77","unstructured":"Main, J. (1980), \u201cThe battle for quality begins\u201d, Fortune, Vol. 102, 29 December, pp. 28\u201033."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b78","unstructured":"Mellow, C. (1985), \u201cThe coolest company in America\u201d, Across the Board, Vol. 22, July\u2010August, pp. 7, 8, 11\u201015."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b79","unstructured":"Meyer, M. (1985), \u201cCan anyone duplicate Canon\u2019s person copiers\u2019 success?\u201d, Marketing & Media Decisions, Special edition, Spring, pp. 97\u2010101."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, M.H. and Utterback, J.M. (1995), \u201cProduct development cycle time and commercial success\u201d, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. 42 No. 4, November, pp. 297\u2010304.","DOI":"10.1109\/17.482080"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b81","unstructured":"Mitsubishi Bank Review (1984), \u201cRecent trends in Japanese exports to the United States\u201d, Mitsubishi Bank Review, Vol. 15 No. 6, June, pp. 817\u201019."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b82","unstructured":"Moore, T. (1983), \u201cEmbattled Kodak enters the electronic age\u201d, Fortune, Vol. 108, 22 August, pp. 4, 120\u20102."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b83","unstructured":"Nadler, D. (1992), Organizational Architecture, Jossey\u2010Bass, San Francisco, CA."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b84","unstructured":"Nettles, E.R. (1979), \u201cAir condition, refrigeration exports expected to increase at slower rate\u201d, Business America, 23 April, Vol. 2, pp. 15\u201016."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b85","unstructured":"New York Stock Exchange (1984), US International Competitiveness: Perception and Reality, New York Stock Exchange, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b86","unstructured":"Office Equipment and Products (1985), \u201cJapanese plain paper copier markets anticipate 20% growth for this year\u201d, Office Equipment and Products, Vol. 14, Tokyo, November, pp. 85, 59\u201061."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b87","unstructured":"O\u2019Hanlon, T. (1979, \u201cBehind the Snafu at Singer\u201d, Fortune, Vol. 100, 5 November, pp. 9, 76\u201080."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b88","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly, B. (1992), \u201cYour new global work force\u201d, Fortune, Vol. 126 No. 13, 24 December, pp. 52\u20108."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b89","unstructured":"Ouchi, W. (1981), Theory Z, Addison\u2010Wesley, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b90","unstructured":"Padmos, A. (1983), \u201cWhat makes Japanese industry successful?\u201d, Cost and Management, Vol. 57 No. 4, July\u2010August, pp. 2\u201010."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters, T. (1992), \u201cRethinking scale\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 35 No. 1, Fall, pp. 7\u201029.","DOI":"10.2307\/41166710"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b92","unstructured":"Porter, M.E. (1980), Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, Free Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b93","unstructured":"Porter, M.E. (1985), Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, Free Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price, M.J. and Chen, E.E. (1993), \u201cTotal quality management in a small, high\u2010technology company\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 35 No. 3, Spring, pp. 96\u2010117.","DOI":"10.2307\/41166746"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b95","unstructured":"Sanger, D.E. (1983), \u201cAnother No. 1 rating to Japan\u201d, New York Times, 25 August, p. D\u20101."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saso, M. (1984), \u201cThe roots of Japanese manufacturing\u2019s competitive edge\u201d, Multinational Business, Vol. 3, pp. 1\u201013.","DOI":"10.2753\/JES1097-203X1301023"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b97","unstructured":"Schonberger, R. (1982), Japanese Manufacturing Techniques, Free Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b98","unstructured":"Schonberger, R. (1986), World Class Manufacturing, Free Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b99","unstructured":"Scott, B. and Lodge, G. (Eds) (1985),  US Competitiveness in the World Economy, Harvard University Press, Boston, MA."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b100","unstructured":"Sims, A. et al. (1992), \u201cDoes the Baldrige award really work?\u201d, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 70 No. 1, January\u2010February, pp. 126\u201047."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b101","unstructured":"Spiers, J. (1992), \u201cA boom in \u201993? Yes, for business spending. No, for the economy\u2019\u2019, Fortune, Vol. 126 No. 13, 14 December, pp. 25ff."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b102","unstructured":"Stewart, T.A. (1995), \u201cA new 500 for the economy\u201d, Fortune, Vol. 131 No. 9, 15 May, pp. 166ff."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b103","unstructured":"Taguchi, G. and Clausing, D. (1990), \u201cRobust quality\u201d, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 68 No. 1, January\u2010February, pp. 65\u201075."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b104","unstructured":"Tarr, D.G. (1985), \u201cDoes protection really protect?\u201d, Regulation, Vol. 9 No. 6, November\u2010December, pp. 29\u201035."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b105","unstructured":"Treece, J.B., Buell, B. and Sasseen, J. (1995), \u201cHow Kodak is trying to move out Fuji\u201d, Business Week, 2 December, pp. 62\u20104."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b106","unstructured":"Umene, E. and Luerssen, F.W. (1984), \u201cTo succeed, go back to basics\/steel must be protected\u201d, Chilton\u2019s Iron Age; Manufacturing Management, Vol. 227, 7 May, pp. 9, 23\u20104."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westney, E. (1987), Imitation and Innovation, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674437036"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b108","unstructured":"Wheelwright, S. and Clark, K.B. (1992), Revolutionizing Product Development, Free Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b109","unstructured":"Wilson, J.W. (1985), \u201cIntel\u2019s mad dash to keep up with Japan\u201d, Business Week, Industrial, No. 2907, 18 April, pp. 25\u20108."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b110","unstructured":"Woronoff, J. (1984), \u201cMarketing strategies that befit the times: the cover \u2013 a stitch in time\u201d, Asian Business, Vol. 20, July, pp. 7, 16\u201021."},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yahn, S. (1977), \u201cCan US TV set marketers survive \u2013 investors split despite import curbs\u201d, Advertising Age, Vol. 48, 25 April, pp. 17, 85.","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2326-1951.1977.tb01514.x"},{"key":"key2022020620373225400_b112","unstructured":"Yates, B. (1983), The Decline and Fall of the American Automobile Industry, Empire Books, New York, NY."}],"container-title":["Business Process Management Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/14637150210425090","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/14637150210425090\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/14637150210425090\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:35:29Z","timestamp":1753403729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/bpmj\/article\/8\/2\/117-139\/257637"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,1]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/14637150210425090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/14637150210425090","relation":{},"ISSN":["1463-7154"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1463-7154","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,1]]}}}