{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T18:08:38Z","timestamp":1754158118931,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,26]],"date-time":"2007-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1182816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article aims to understand the opportunities as well as the challenges posed by the methods for internationalized access to domain names.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper first provides background information on how domain names are resolved in the domain name system (DNS). It then reviews the various methods for internationalized access to domain names with a focus on their technical implementation and potential problems. Finally, it discusses several important language and policy issues surrounding the methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The methods proposed for internationalized access to domain names can be classified into two groups: ASCII\u2010compatible encoding; and multilingual keywords. ASCII\u2010compatible encoding methods, such as the internationalized domain name (IDN) standards specified by the internet engineering task force, seem technically sound since they do not affect existing DNS operations, but they have some structural limitations. Multilingual keyword methods are rather simple and intuitive to use but they are not compatible with one another and so may return different results from the same multilingual keyword query. Also, both ASCII\u2010compatible encoding and multilingual keyword methods can raise some important issues associated with languages and policies, such as linguistic problems, disputes over IDNs, and multilingual homographs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The issues discussed in this paper need to be addressed for broad and seamless implementation of the methods for internationalized access to domain names across various languages. The review of the methods and associated issues can prove helpful to those from internet users and domain name registrants to domain name registries and registrars.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/14684520710764078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,19]],"date-time":"2007-06-19T10:57:29Z","timestamp":1182250649000},"page":"290-299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Internationalized access to domain names: a review of methods and issues"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Sung J.","family":"Shim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022012420160923500_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costello, A. (2003), \u201cPunycode: a bootstring encoding of unicode for internationalized domain names in applications (IDNA)\u201d, Request for Comments 3492, available at: www.ietf.org\/rfc\/rfc3492.txt (accessed 15 March 2006).","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc3492"},{"key":"key2022012420160923500_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faltstrom, P., Hoffman, P. and Costello, A. (2003), \u201cInternationalizing domain names in applications (IDNA)\u201d, Request for Comments 3490, available at: www.ietf.org\/rfc\/rfc3490 (accessed 15 March 2006).","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc3490"},{"key":"key2022012420160923500_b3","unstructured":"Hoffman, P. (2005), \u201cIDN spoofing solutions with balance\u201d, CircleID Internationalized DN, available at: www.circleid.com\/article\/941_0_1_0_C\/ (accessed 15 February 2006)."},{"key":"key2022012420160923500_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffman, P. and Blanchet, M. (2003), \u201cNameprep: a stringprep profile for internationalized domain names (IDN)\u201d, Request for Comments 3491, available at: www.apps.ietf.org\/rfc\/rfc3491.html (accessed 15 March 2006).","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc3491"},{"key":"key2022012420160923500_b7","unstructured":"Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (2001), Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy 1999, available at: www.icann.org\/udrp\/udrp.htm (accessed 2 April 2006)."},{"key":"key2022012420160923500_b6","unstructured":"Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (2002), Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy. Updated 5 February 2002, available at: www.icann.org\/udrp\/udrp\u2010policy\u201024oct99.htm (accessed 10 April 2006)."},{"key":"key2022012420160923500_b5","unstructured":"Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (2003), Internationalized Domain Names (IDN) Committee, available at: www.icann.org\/committees\/idn\/ (accessed 2 April 2006)."},{"key":"key2022012420160923500_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konishi, K., Huang, K., Qian, H. and Ko, Y. (2004), \u201cJoint engineering team (JET) guidelines for internationalized domain names (IDN) registration and administration for Chinese, Japanese and Korean\u201d, Request for Comments 3743, available at: www.rfc\u2010editor.org\/rfc\/rfc3743.txt (accessed 16 April 2006).","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc3743"}],"container-title":["Online Information Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/14684520710764078","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/14684520710764078\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/14684520710764078\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:40:47Z","timestamp":1753404047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/oir\/article\/31\/3\/290-299\/314552"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,26]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/14684520710764078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/14684520710764078","relation":{},"ISSN":["1468-4527"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1468-4527"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,26]]}}}