{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T10:25:17Z","timestamp":1761128717281,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,21]],"date-time":"2008-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1227225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Because of the popularity of digital cameras, the number of personal photographs is increasing rapidly. In general, people manage their photos by date, subject, participants, etc. for future browsing and searching. However, it is difficult and\/or takes time to retrieve desired photos from a large number of photographs based on the general personal photo management strategy. In this paper the authors aim to propose a systematic solution to effectively organising and browsing personal photos.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>In their system the authors apply the concept of content\u2010based image retrieval (CBIR) to automatically extract visual image features of personal photos. Then three well\u2010known clustering techniques \u2013<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\u2010means, self\u2010organising maps and fuzzy<jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\u2010means \u2013 are used to group personal photos. Finally, the clustering results are evaluated by human subjects in terms of retrieval effectiveness and efficiency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Experimental results based on the dataset of 1,000 personal photos show that the<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\u2010means clustering method outperforms self\u2010organising maps and fuzzy<jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\u2010means. That is, 12 subjects out of 30 preferred the clustering results of<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\u2010means. In particular, most subjects agreed that larger numbers of clusters (e.g. 15 to 20) enabled more effective browsing of personal photos. For the efficiency evaluation, the clustering results using<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\u2010means allowed subjects to search for relevant images in the least amount of time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>CBIR is applied in many areas, but very few related works focus on personal photo browsing and retrieval. This paper examines the applicability of using CBIR and clustering techniques for browsing personal photos. In addition, the evaluation based on the effectiveness and efficiency strategies ensures the reliability of our findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/14684520810923926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,22]],"date-time":"2008-11-22T07:02:07Z","timestamp":1227337327000},"page":"759-772","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Personal photo browsing and retrieval by clustering techniques"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Chun\u2010Nan","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih\u2010Fong","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinsheng","family":"Roan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezdek, J.C. (1981), Pattern Recognition with Fuzzy Objective Function Algorithms, Plenum Press, New York, NY.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0450-1"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carson, C., Belongie, S., Greenspan, H. and Malik, J. (2002), \u201cBlobworld: image segmentation using expectation\u2010maximization and its application to image querying\u201d, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 24 No. 8, pp. 1026\u201038.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1023800"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, S.K., Shi, Q.Y. and Yan, C.W. (1987), \u201cIconic indexing by 2D strings\u201d, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 9 No. 7, pp. 413\u201028.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1987.4767923"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Y.C. and Chen, S.Y. (2003), \u201cImage classification using color, texture and regions\u201d, Image and Vision Computing, Vol. 21 No. 9, pp. 759\u201076.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00069-6"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coomans, D., Broeckaert, I., Jonckheer, M. and Massart, D.L. (1983), \u201cComparison of multivariate discrimination techniques for clinical data \u2013 application to the thyroid functional state\u201d, Methods Information in Medicine, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 93\u2010101.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1635425"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daubechies, I. (1992), Ten Lectures on Wavelets, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, PA.","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611970104"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b7","unstructured":"Del Bimbo, A. (1999), Visual Information Retrieval, Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA."},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunn, J.C. (1973), \u201cA fuzzy relative of the ISODATA process and its use in detecting compact well\u2010separated clusters\u201d, Journal of Cybernetics, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 32\u201057.","DOI":"10.1080\/01969727308546046"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fauzi, M.F.A. and Lewis, P.H. (2003), \u201cTexture\u2010based image retrieval using multiscale sub\u2010image matching\u201d, Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Image and Video Communications and Processing, Vol. 5022, 20\u201024 January, Santa Clara, CA, pp. 407\u201016.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.476502"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gangopadhyay, A. (2001), \u201cAn image\u2010based system for electronic retailing\u201d, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 107\u201016.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(01)00105-1"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gevers, T. (2001), \u201cColor\u2010based retrieval\u201d, in Lew, M.S. (Ed.), Principles of Visual Information Retrieval, Springer\u2010Verlag, London.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-3702-3_2"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hafner, J., Sawhnet, H.S., Equitz, W. and Flickner, M. (1995), \u201cEfficient color histogram indexing for quadratic form distance functions\u201d, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 17 No. 7, pp. 729\u201036.","DOI":"10.1109\/34.391417"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinton, G.E. (1989), \u201cConnectionist learning procedures\u201d, Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 40 Nos 1\u20103, pp. 185\u2010234.","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90049-0"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes, R.D. and Jungert, E. (1992), \u201cSymbolic and geometric connectivity in graph methods for route planning in digitized maps\u201d, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 14 No. 5, pp. 549\u201065.","DOI":"10.1109\/34.134059"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b15","unstructured":"International Standards Organisation (ISO) (2002), Information Technology \u2013 Multimedia Content Description Interface \u2013 Part 3 Visual, ISO\/MPEG N4062, MPEG Meeting, Singapore, March."},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal, Q. and Aggarwal, J.K. (2002) pp. 438\u201043, \u201cCombining structure, color and texture for image retrieval: a performance evaluation\u201d, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Vol. 2, Quebec City, 11\u201015 August.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2002.1048333"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b17","unstructured":"Jang, J.S., Sun, C.T. and Mizutani, E. (1997), Neuro\u2010Fuzzy and Soft Computing, Prentice\u2010Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ."},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, H. and Shneiderman, B. (2000) pp. 1539\u201042, \u201cVisualization methods for personal photo collections: browsing and searching in the PhotoFinder\u201d, 2000 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, Vol. 3, New York, NY, 30 July\u20102 August.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2000.871061"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohonen, T. (1982), \u201cSelf\u2010organized formation of topologically correct feature maps\u201d, Biological Cybernetics, Vol. 43 No. 1, pp. 59\u201069.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00337288"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohonen, T. (1990), \u201cThe self\u2010organizing map\u201d, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 78 No. 9, pp. 1464\u201080.","DOI":"10.1109\/5.58325"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuchinsky, A., Pering, C., Creech, M.L., Freeze, D., Serra, B. and Gwizdka, J. (1999), \u201cFotoFile: a consumer multimedia organization and retrieval system\u201d, Proceedings ACM CHI99 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Pittsburgh, PA, 15\u201020 May, pp. 496\u2010503.","DOI":"10.1145\/302979.303143"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laaksonen, J., Koskela, M. and Oja, E. (1999), \u201cContent\u2010based image retrieval using self\u2010organizing maps\u201d, Proceedings of the International Conference on Visual Information Systems, 2\u20104 June, Amsterdam, pp. 541\u20108.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48762-X_67"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Saux, B. and Boujemaa, N. (2002), \u201cUnsupervised categorization for image database overview\u201d, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Recent Advances in Visual Information System, Hsin Chu, Taiwan, 11\u201013 March, pp. 163\u201074.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45925-1_15"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, J.H., Tian, Q. and Mulhem, P. (2003), \u201cHome photo content modeling for personalized event\u2010based retrieval\u201d, IEEE MultiMedia, Vol. 10 No. 4, pp. 28\u201037.","DOI":"10.1109\/MMUL.2003.1237548"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b25","unstructured":"Long, F., Peng, H. and Feng, D.D. (2004), \u201cImage categorization based on clustering spatial frequency maps\u201d, Proceedings of the SPIC Conference on Storage and Retrieval Methods and Applications for Multimedia, Vol. 5307, San Jose, CA, 20\u201022 January, Vol. 20\u201022, pp. 212\u201022."},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manjunath, B.S. and Ma, W.Y. (1996), \u201cTexture features for browsing and retrieval of large image data\u201d, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 18 No. 8, pp. 837\u201042.","DOI":"10.1109\/34.531803"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b27","unstructured":"Marchisio, G.B., Li, W.H., Sannella, M. and Goldschneider, J.R. (1998), \u201cGeoBrowse\u2010Integrated environment for satellite image retrieval and mining\u201d, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Seattle, WA, 6\u201010 July pp. 669\u201073."},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b28","unstructured":"Martinez, A. (1999), \u201cFace image retrieval using HMMs\u201d, IEEE Workshop on Content\u2010Based Access of Image and Video Libraries, Fort Collins, CO, 22 June, pp. 25\u201039."},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehtre, B.M., Kankanhalli, M.S. and Lee, W.F. (1997), \u201cShape measures for content based image retrieval: a comparison\u201d, Information Processing and Management, Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 319\u201037.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(96)00069-6"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehtre, B.M., Kankanhalli, M.S. and Lee, W.F. (1998), \u201cContent\u2010based image retrieval using a composite color\u2010shape approach\u201d, Information Processing and Management, Vol. 34 No. 1, pp. 109\u201020.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(97)00049-6"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muller, H., Michoux, N., Bandon, D. and Geissbuhler, A. (2004), \u201cA review of content\u2010based image retrieval systems on medical applications \u2013 clinical benefits and future directions\u201d, International Journal of Medical Informatics, Vol. 73 No. 1, pp. 1\u201023.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2003.11.024"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pentland, A., Picard, R.W. and Sclaroff, S. (1996), \u201cPhotobook: content\u2010based manipulation of image database\u201d, International Journal of Computer Vision, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 233\u201054.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00123143"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pu, H.T. (2005), \u201cA comparative analysis of web image and textual queries\u201d, Online Information Review, Vol. 29 No. 5, pp. 457\u201067.","DOI":"10.1108\/14684520510628864"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratha, N.K., Karu, K., Chen, S. and Jain, A.K. (1996), \u201cA real\u2010time matching system for large fingerprint databases\u201d, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 18 No. 8, pp. 799\u2010813.","DOI":"10.1109\/34.531800"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ritter, H. and Kohonen, T. (1989), \u201cSelf\u2010organizing semantic maps\u201d, Biological Cybernetics, Vol. 61 No. 4, pp. 241\u201054.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00203171"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubner, Y. and Tomasi, C. (1999), \u201cTexture\u2010based image retrieval without segmentation\u201d, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Corfu, Greece, 20\u201025 September pp. 1018\u201024.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.1999.790380"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stan, D. and Sethi, I. (2003), \u201ceID: a system for exploration of image databases\u201d, Information Processing and Management, Vol. 39 No. 3, pp. 335\u201061.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(02)00131-0"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamura, H., Mori, S. and Yamawaki, T. (1978), \u201cTexture features corresponding to visual perception\u201d, IEEE Transactions of Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. SMc\u20108 No. 6, pp. 460\u201073.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1978.4309999"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tobin, K.W., Bhaduri, B.L., Bright, E.A., Cheriyadat, A., Karnowski, T.P., Palathingal, P.J., Potok, T.E. and Price, J.R. (2006), \u201cAutomated feature generation in large\u2010scale geospatial libraries for content\u2010based indexing\u201d, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 72 No. 5, pp. 531\u201040.","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.72.5.531"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, c\u2010F. (2007), \u201cA review of image retrieval methods for digital cultural heritage resources\u201d, Online Information Review, Vol. 31 No. 2, pp. 185\u201098.","DOI":"10.1108\/14684520710747220"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, C\u2010F., McGarry, K. and Tait, J. (2006), \u201cCLAIRE: a modular support vector image indexing and classification system\u201d, ACM Transactions on Information Systems, Vol. 24 No. 3, pp. 353\u201079.","DOI":"10.1145\/1165774.1165777"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b42","unstructured":"Wu, J.K., Kankanhalli, M.S., Lim, J.H. and Hong, D. (2000), Perspectives on Content\u2010based Multimedia Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers, MA."},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, B.P.C. and Kong, R.C.W. (2002), \u201cPersonalization of information access for electronic catalogs on the web\u201d, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 20\u201040.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-4223(02)00004-2"},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b44","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Srihari, R.K. and Rao, A. (2000), \u201cApplications of image understanding in semantics\u2010oriented multi\u2010media information retrieval\u201d, Proceedings of International Symposium on Multimedia Software Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan, 11\u201013 December, pp. 93\u20106."},{"key":"key2022031320205058200_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, R. and Grosky, W.I. (2000) pp. 679\u201082, \u201cFrom features to semantics: some preliminary results\u201d, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia & Expo, New York, NY, 30 July\u20102 August.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2000.871453"}],"container-title":["Online Information Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/14684520810923926","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/14684520810923926\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/14684520810923926\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:41:09Z","timestamp":1753404069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/oir\/article\/32\/6\/759-772\/314453"}},"subtitle":["Effectiveness and efficiency evaluation"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,21]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/14684520810923926"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/14684520810923926","relation":{},"ISSN":["1468-4527"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1468-4527"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,21]]}}}