{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T18:08:36Z","timestamp":1754158116076,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,9]],"date-time":"2011-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312848000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the field of information retrieval, some multi\u2010lingual tools are being created to help the users to overcome the language barriers. Nevertheless, these tools are not developed completely and it is necessary to investigate more for their improvement and application. One of their main problems is the choice of the linguistic resources to offer better coverage and to solve the translation problems in the context of the multi\u2010lingual information retrieval. This paper aims to address this issue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>This research is focused on the analysis of resources used by the multi\u2010lingual question\u2010answering systems, which respond to users' queries with short answers, rather than just offering a list of documents related to the search. An analysis of the main publications about the multi\u2010lingual QA systems was carried out, with the aim of identifying the typology, the advantages and disadvantages, and the real use and trend of each of the linguistic resources and tools used in this new kind of system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five of the resources most used in the cross\u2010languages QA systems were identified and studied: databases, dictionaries, corpora, ontologies and thesauri. The three most popular traditional resources (automatic translators, dictionaries, and corpora) are gradually leaving a widening gap for others \u2013 such as ontologies and the free encyclopaedia Wikipedia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The perspective offered by the translation discipline can improve the effectiveness of QA systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/14684521111161927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,20]],"date-time":"2011-08-20T07:03:03Z","timestamp":1313823783000},"page":"543-557","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Language resources used in multi\u2010lingual question\u2010answering systems"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda\u2010Dolores","family":"Olvera\u2010Lobo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juncal","family":"Gutierrez\u2010Artacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022012719424921300_b1","unstructured":"Aceves P\u00e9rez, R.M. (2008), \u201cB\u00fasqueda de Respuestas en Fuentes Documentales Multiling\u00fces\u201d, Dissertation, Instituto Nacional de Astrof\u00edsica, \u00d3ptica y Electr\u00f3nica, Tonantzintla."},{"key":"key2022012719424921300_b2","unstructured":"Blair\u2010Goldensohn, S., McKeown, K. and Schlaikjer, A.H. (2004), \u201cAnswering definitional questions: a hybrid approach\u201d, New Directions in Question Answering, Vol. 4, pp. 47\u201058."},{"key":"key2022012719424921300_b3","unstructured":"Bos, J. and Nissim, M. (2006), in Peters, C. (Ed.), \u201cCross\u2010lingual question answering by answer translation\u201d, Working Notes for the Cross Language Evaluation Forum (CLEF) 2006, Alicante, 20\u201022 September."},{"key":"key2022012719424921300_b4","unstructured":"Crouch, D., Saur\u00ed, R. and Fowler, A. (2005) \u201cAQUAINT pilot knowledge\u2010based evaluation: annotation guidelines\u201d, Palo Alto Research Center, available at: www2.parc.com\/isl\/groups\/nltt\/papers\/aquaint_kb_pilot_evaluation_guide.pdf."},{"key":"key2022012719424921300_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, H., Kan, M.Y., Chua, T.S. and Xiao, J. (2004), \u201cA comparative study on sentence retrieval for definitional question answering\u201d, paper presented at the SIGIR Workshop on Information Retrieval for Question Answering (IR4QA), Sheffield.","DOI":"10.1145\/1076034.1076101"},{"key":"key2022012719424921300_b6","unstructured":"Diekema, A.R. (2003), \u201cTranslation events in cross\u2010language information retrieval: lexical ambiguity, lexical holes, vocabulary mismatch, and correct translations\u201d, dissertation, University of Syracuse, Syracuse, NY."},{"key":"key2022012719424921300_b7","unstructured":"Forner, P., Giampiccolo, D., Magnini, B., Pe\u00f1as, A., Rodrigo, A. and Sutcliffe, R. (2010), \u201cEvaluating multilingual question answering systems at CLEF\u201d, Proceedings of the LREC 2010, Malta, 22\u201023 May."},{"key":"key2022012719424921300_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frank, A., Kirefer, H.U., Xu, F., Uszkoreit, H., Crysmann, B., J\u00f6rg, B. and Sh\u00e4fer, U. (2006), \u201cQuestion answering from structured knowledge sources\u201d, Journal of Applied Logic, special issue on Questions and Answers: Theoretical and Applied Perspectives, Vol. 5, pp. 20\u201048.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jal.2005.12.006"},{"key":"key2022012719424921300_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grefenstette, G. (1998), Cross\u2010Language Information Retrieval, Vol. 1, Kluwer Academic Publishers, London.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5661-9_1"},{"key":"key2022012719424921300_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, P. and Schilder, F. (2005), \u201cNatural language processing: overview\u201d, in Brown, E. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, Vol. 2, Elsevier Press, Amsterdam, pp. 503\u201018.","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-08-044854-2\/00927-5"},{"key":"key2022012719424921300_b11","unstructured":"Lee, M., Cimino, J., Zhu, H.R., Sable, C., Shanker, V., Ely, J. and Yu, H. (2006), \u201cBeyond information retrieval \u2013 medical question answering\u201d, AMIA, Washington DC, 11 October."},{"key":"key2022012719424921300_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, D., Overwijk, A., Hauff, C., Trieschnigg, D.R.B., Hiemstra, D. and de Jong, F.M.G. (2009), \u201cWikiTranslate: query translation for cross\u2010lingual information retrieval using only Wikipedia\u201d, in Peters, C.. (Eds), CLEF 2008, LNCS 5706, Springer\u2010Verlag, Berlin, pp. 58\u201065.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04447-2_6"},{"key":"key2022012719424921300_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oard, D. and Gonzalo, J. (2001), The CLEF 2001 Interactive Track. Evaluation of Cross\u2010Language Information Systems, Springer\u2010Verlag, Berlin.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45691-0_30"},{"key":"key2022012719424921300_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olvera\u2010Lobo, M.D. and Gutierrez\u2010Artacho, J. (2010), \u201cQuestion\u2010answering systems as efficient sources of terminological information: evaluation\u201d, Health Information and Library Journal, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 2\u201010.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-1842.2010.00896.x"},{"key":"key2022012719424921300_b15","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez\u2010Couti\u00f1o, M., Solorio, T., Montes y G\u00f3mez, M., L\u00f3pez L\u00f3pez, A. and Villase\u00f1or Pineda, L. (2004), \u201cThe use of lexical context in question answering for Spanish\u201d, paper presented at Workshop of the Cross\u2010Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2004, Bath, UK, September 15\u201017."},{"key":"key2022012719424921300_b16","unstructured":"Tsur, O. (2003), \u201cDefinitional question\u2010answering using trainable text classifiers\u201d, dissertation, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam."},{"key":"key2022012719424921300_b17","unstructured":"Voorhees, E.M. (1999), \u201cThe TREC 8 question answering track report\u201d, in Voorhees, E.M. and Harman, D. 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