{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T18:02:25Z","timestamp":1754157745534,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]],"date-time":"2003-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1044057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An intriguing development in the realm of commercial software has arisen over the last decade, from highly improbable beginnings. From its inception in the \u2018hacker ethic\u2019, freeware has had a huge impact on IT businesses around the world, most strongly in the guise of its spin\u2010off, open source software. The eventual consequences are that, for example, more than 60% of all the servers on the World Wide Web are running the Apache open source system, and Linux, the open source cousin of Unix, is challenging Microsoft\u2019s products as the most popular business server operating system. Major IT users such as multinational banks, and major IT companies including IBM, Hewlett Packard, Sun Microsystems, Dell, Oracle, Informix, Intel, Fujitsu, AMD and Computer Associates are investing in and supporting Linux. In 1998, Netscape Communications made public (\u2018opened\u2019) the source code for its Netscape web browser. In 1999 Apple published the source for the \u2018Darwin\u2019 core of its Mac OS X. The Perl freeware programming language continues to gain popularity for web\u2010based applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1108\/14779960380000224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,5]],"date-time":"2010-06-05T07:21:47Z","timestamp":1275722507000},"page":"31-38","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hacker ethics in the marketplace: the example of freeware"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Andy","family":"Bissett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1999.0361"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800027.808439"},{"volume-title":"Extreme Programming Explained: embrace change","year":"2000","author":"Beck K.","key":"p_3"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual Hawaii International Convention on System Sciences","year":"1995","author":"Couger J.D.","key":"p_4"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/255656.255698"},{"volume-title":"Modernity and Self-identity: self and society in the late modern age","year":"1991","author":"Giddens A.","key":"p_6"},{"volume-title":"Hackers: heroes of the computer revolution","year":"1994","author":"Levy S.","key":"p_7"},{"volume-title":"Rebel Code: inside Linux and the open source revolution","year":"2002","author":"Moody G.","key":"p_8"},{"volume-title":"Sebastopol CA: O'Reilly & Associates.","year":"2001","author":"Raymond E.S.","key":"p_9"},{"key":"p_10","first-page":"77","volume-title":"PC HCI","author":"Stamelos I.","year":"2001"},{"volume-title":"Just for Fun: the story of an accidental revolutionary","year":"2001","author":"Torvalds L.","key":"p_11"},{"volume-title":"The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists","year":"1955","author":"Tressell R.","key":"p_12"},{"volume-title":"Sebastopol CA: O'Reilly & Associates.","year":"2002","author":"Williams S.","key":"p_13"},{"volume-title":"The Right Stuff","year":"1983","author":"Wolfe T.","key":"p_14"},{"volume-title":"Upper Saddle River NJ: Yourdon Press.","year":"1996","author":"Yourdon E.","key":"p_15"}],"container-title":["Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/14779960380000224\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/14779960380000224\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:12:54Z","timestamp":1753402374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jices\/article\/1\/1\/31-38\/222198"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/14779960380000224"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/14779960380000224","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-996X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1477-996X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]]}}}