{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T02:28:10Z","timestamp":1781749690571,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,17]],"date-time":"2009-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1239926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to discuss the collaborative practices of virtual teams carrying out knowledge\u2010based work and the tools required\/used to assemble \u201ccollective\u201d artefacts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The vast majority of recent work on communities of practice is devoted to community management (i.e. discovering, building, and maintaining communities), dismissing or undermining community practices and how they are technologically mediated (i.e. the practice\u2010specific tools and artefacts involved). This paper investigates existing practices and makes use of scenarios to envision new distributed collective practices in a designated application domain. The instruments used include both empirical tools (i.e. survey of current practice and expert interviews) and analytical tools (i.e. scenarios of use, walkthroughs, and virtual prototyping) to provide insight towards the design of practice\u2010oriented toolkits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proposed approach is validated in the context of an electronic village of local interest with a thematic focus on regional tourism, highlighting the key role of \u201ccollective\u201d knowledge management in information\u2010based industries whose products are non\u2010material (intangible) and knowledge is central to gaining competitive advantage. The results include a general model for practice\u2010oriented toolkits conceived of as separate software components from (but interoperable to) the community support system and devised to establish a place for engaging in the practice the community is about. This model is then used to build an operational toolkit for assembling vacation packages by cross\u2010organization virtual communities of practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Virtual communities of practice (or partnerships) necessitate smooth integration of community management and practice\u2010specific tasks and tools. Community management tasks can be supported by augmenting capabilities of existing community portals to allow for community registration, role undertaking, declaration of virtual assets, etc. Practice\u2010oriented tasks should be designed in such a way so as to capture and accommodate domain\u2010specific vocabulary.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>Model\u2010based techniques and domain\u2010specific design languages are used as the unifying mechanism (i.e. software factory) for integrating community management and practice\u2010oriented artefacts. These techniques are designed and implemented into a software platform so as to facilitate the systematic accumulation and reuse of knowledge towards the construction of collective artefacts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/17410390910949742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,27]],"date-time":"2009-04-27T05:47:27Z","timestamp":1240811247000},"page":"317-345","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Practice\u2010oriented toolkits for virtual communities of practice"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Demosthenes","family":"Akoumianakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b1","unstructured":"Aaen, I., B\u00f8tcher, P. and Mathiassen, L. (1997), \u201cSoftware factories\u201d, Proceedings of the 20th Information Systems Research Seminar in Scandinavia, Oslo, available at: www.cin.ufpe.br\/\u223cin953\/lectures\/papers\/Software_Factories_17.pdf (accessed May 13)."},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ackerman, M.S. and Halverson, C. (2004), \u201cOrganizational memory as objects, processes, and trajectories: an examination of organizational memory in use\u201d, Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Vol. 13, pp. 155\u201089.","DOI":"10.1023\/B:COSU.0000045805.77534.2a"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akoumianakis, D., Vellis, G., Milolidakis, I., Kotsalis, D. and Alexandraki, C. (2008a), \u201cDistributed collective practices in collaborative music performance\u201d, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Digital Interactive Media in Entertainment and Arts (DIMEA 2008), Athens, September 10\u201012.","DOI":"10.1145\/1413634.1413700"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b5","unstructured":"Akoumianakis, D., Vidakis, N., Vellis, G., Milolidakis, G. and Kotsalis, D. (2008b), \u201cInteraction scenarios in the \u2018social\u2019 experience factory: assembling collaborative artefacts through component reuse and social interaction\u201d, Proceedings of the 3rd IASTED International Conference on Human Computer Interaction, Innsbruck, March 17\u201019."},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b6","unstructured":"Alexandraki, C., Koutlemanis, P., Gasteratos, P., Valsamakis, N., Akoumianakis, D. and Milolidakis, G. (2008a), \u201cTowards the implementation of a generic platform for networked music performance: the DIAMOUSES approach\u201d, paper presented at the 2008 International Computer Music Conference, Belfast, August 24\u201026."},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b4","unstructured":"Alexandraki, C., Koutlemanis, P., Gasteratos, P., Akoumianakis, D., Milolidakis, G., Vellis, G. and Kotsalis, D. (2008b), \u201cDIAMOUSES \u2013 an experimental platform for network\u2010based collaborative musical interactions\u201d, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS'2008), Barcelona, June 12\u201016."},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b7","unstructured":"Bartle, R. (2004), Designing Virtual Worlds, New Riders, Indianapolis, IN."},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basili, V.R. (1993), \u201cThe experience factory and its relationship to other improvement paradigms\u201d, in Somerville, I. and Paul, M. (Eds), Proceedings of the 4th European Software Engineering Conference (ESEC), Lecture Notes in Computer Science 717, Springer, London, pp. 68\u201083.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-57209-0_6"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b9","unstructured":"Basili, V.R., Lindvall, M. and Costa, P. (2001), \u201cImplementing the experience factory concepts as a set of experience bases\u201d, Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (SEKE '01), Buenos Aires, available at: www.cs.umd.edu\/\u223cbasili\/publications\/proceedings\/P90.pdf (accessed May 13)."},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bodker, S. (2000), \u201cScenarios in user\u2010centred design\u2010setting the stage for reflection and action\u201d, Interacting with Computers, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 61\u201075.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0953-5438(00)00024-2"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bos, N., Zimmerman, A., Olson, J., Yew, J., Yerkie, J. and Dahl, E. (2007), \u201cFrom shared databases to communities of practice: a taxonomy of collaboratories\u201d, Journal of Computer\u2010Mediated Communication, Vol. 2 No. 2, Article 16, available at: http:\/\/jcmc.indiana.edu\/vol12\/issue2\/bos.html.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2007.00343.x"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardoso, J. and Lange, C. (2007), \u201cA framework for assessing strategies and technologies for dynamic packaging applications in e\u2010tourism\u201d, Information Technology & Tourism, Vol. 9, pp. 27\u201044.","DOI":"10.3727\/109830507779637585"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carroll, J.M., Rosson, M.B., Convertino, G. and Ganoe, H.C. (2006), \u201cAwareness and teamwork in computer\u2010supported collaborations\u201d, Interacting with Computers, Vol. 18, pp. 21\u201046.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2005.05.005"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chin, G. Jr and Lansing, C.S. (2004), \u201cCapturing and supporting contexts for scientific data sharing via the biological sciences collaboratory\u201d, Proceedings of the 2004 ACM CSCW Conference, ACM Press, New York, NY, pp. 409\u201018.","DOI":"10.1145\/1031607.1031677"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cox, M.A. (2005), \u201cWhat are communities of practice? A comparative review of four seminal works\u201d, Journal of Information Science, Vol. 31 No. 6, pp. 527\u201040.","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551505057016"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cox, M.A. (2008), \u201cAn exploration of concepts of community through a case study of UK university web production\u201d, Journal of Information Science, Vol. 34 No. 3, pp. 327\u201045.","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551507084354"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cragin, M. and Shankar, K. (2006), \u201cScientific data collections and distributed collective practice\u201d, Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Vol. 15 Nos 2\/3, pp. 185\u2010204.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-006-9018-z"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cusumano, F.M. (1989), \u201cThe software factory: a historical interpretation\u201d, IEEE Software, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 23\u201030.","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.1989.1430446"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Souza, C. and Preece, J. (2004), \u201cA framework for analyzing and understanding on\u2010line communities\u201d, Interacting with Computers, Vol. 16, pp. 579\u2010610.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2003.12.006"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dewhurst, F.W. and Cegarra Navarro, J.G. (2004), \u201cExternal communities of practice and relational capital\u201d, The Learning Organization: The International Journal of Knowledge and Organizational Learning Management, Vol. 11 Nos 4\/5, pp. 322\u201031.","DOI":"10.1108\/09696470410538224"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dignum, V. and van Eeden, P. (2005), \u201cSeducing, engaging and supporting communities at Achmea\u201d, in Walter B. (Ed.), Knowledge Management and Management Learning, Extending the Horizons of Knowledge\u2010based Management, Springer, Berlin, pp. 125\u201041.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-25846-9_8"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b22","unstructured":"Enkel, E., Heinold, P., Hofel\u2010Alfeis, J. and Wicki, Y. (2000), \u201cThe power of communities \u2013 how to build knowledge management on a corporate level using the bottom up approach\u201d, in Davenport, T. and Probst, G. (Eds), Knowledge Management Case Book, Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 84\u2010103."},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernstrom, C., Narfelt, H.K. and Ohlsson, L. (1992), \u201cSoftware factory principles, architecture and experiments\u201d, IEEE Software, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 36\u201044.","DOI":"10.1109\/52.120600"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franke, N. and Piller, F. (2004), \u201cValue creation by toolkits for user innovation and design: the case of the watch market\u201d, The Journal of Product Innovation Management, Vol. 21, pp. 401\u201015.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0737-6782.2004.00094.x"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b25","unstructured":"Franke, N. and Shah, S. (2001), \u201cHow communities support innovative activities: an exploration of assistance and sharing among innovative users of sporting equipment\u201d, Sloan Working Paper No. 4164."},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuller, J., Bartl, M., Ernst, H. and Muhlbacher, H. (2006), \u201cCommunity based innovation: how to integrate members of virtual communities into new product development\u201d, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 6, pp. 57\u201073.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10660-006-5988-7"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gillam, C. and Oppenheim, C. (2006), \u201cReviewing the impact of virtual teams in the information age\u201d, Journal of Information Science, Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 160\u201075.","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551506062328"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gongla, P. and Rizzuto, R.C. (2001), \u201cEvolving communities of practice: IBM global services experience\u201d, IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 40 No. 4, pp. 842\u201062.","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.404.0842"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenfield, J. and Short, K. (2004), Software Factories \u2013 Assembling Applications with Patterns, Frameworks, Models & Tools, Wiley, New York, NY.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-28630-1_19"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gutwin, C., Greenberg, S. and Roseman, M. (1996), \u201cWorkspace awareness in real\u2010time distributed groupware: framework, widgets, and evaluation\u201d, in Sasse, A., Cunningham, R.J. and Winder, R. (Eds), People and Computers XI, Springer, Berlin, pp. 281\u201098.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-3588-3_18"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinds, P.J. and Keisler, S. (2002), Distributed Work, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2464.001.0001"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollan, J.D., Hutchins, L.E. and Kirsh, D. (2000), \u201cDistributed cognition: toward a new theoretical foundation for human\u2010computer interaction research\u201d, ACM Transactions on Computer\u2010Human Interaction, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 174\u201096.","DOI":"10.1145\/353485.353487"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hudson, E.S. and Smith, E.I. (1996), \u201cTechniques for addressing fundamental privacy and disruption tradeoffs in awareness support systems\u201d, Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, ACM Press, New York, NY, pp. 248\u201057.","DOI":"10.1145\/240080.240295"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutchins, E. (1991), \u201cThe social organization of distributed cognition\u201d, in Resnick, L. and Levine, J. (Eds), Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition, APA Press, Washington, DC, pp. 283\u2010307.","DOI":"10.1037\/10096-012"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutchins, E. (1995), Cognition in the Wild, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1881.001.0001"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Y. and Hong, P. (2007), \u201cCoordinating global inter\u2010firm product development\u201d, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, Vol. 20 No. 5, pp. 544\u201061.","DOI":"10.1108\/17410390710823699"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juriado, R. and Gustafsson, N. (2007), \u201cEmergent communities of practice in temporary inter\u2010organisational partnerships\u201d, The Learning Organization: The International Journal of Knowledge and Organizational Learning Management, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 50\u201061.","DOI":"10.1108\/09696470710718348"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kavanaugh, A., Carroll, J.M., Rosson, M.B., Zin, T.T. and Reese, D.D. (2005), \u201cCommunity networks: where offline communities meet online\u201d, Journal of Computer\u2010Mediated Communication, Vol. 10 No. 4, Article 3, available at: http:\/\/jcmc.indiana.edu\/vol10\/issue4\/kavanaugh.html.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2005.tb00266.x"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kern, E.\u2010M. and Kersten, W. (2007), \u201cFramework for internet\u2010supported inter\u2010organizational product development collaboration\u201d, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, Vol. 20 No. 5, pp. 562\u201077.","DOI":"10.1108\/17410390710823716"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.\u2010J. (2005), \u201cCollaborative interaction behaviors in an information technology problem\u2010solving context: cognitive movements of the helper and the helped\u201d, Journal of Information Science, Vol. 31 No. 6, pp. 483\u201095.","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551505057008"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b40","unstructured":"Kimberly, T., Greenberg, S. and Gutwin, C. (2006), \u201cProviding artifact awareness to a distributed group through screen sharing\u201d, Proceedings of the ACM CSCW'06 Conference, Banff, Canada, November 4\u20108, ACM Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b41","unstructured":"Mackay, W. (1999), \u201cMedia spaces: environments for informal multimedia interaction\u201d, in Beaudouin\u2010Lafon, M. (Ed.), Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 55\u201082."},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malhotra, Y. (2000), \u201cKnowledge management for e\u2010business performance: advancing information strategy to internet time\u201d, Information Strategy: The Executives Journal, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 5\u201016.","DOI":"10.1080\/07438613.2000.10744620"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b43","unstructured":"Malhotra, Y. (2002), \u201cEnabling knowledge exchanges for e\u2010business communities\u201d, Information Strategy: The Executives Journal, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 26\u201031."},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mason, J.K. and Leek, S. (2008), \u201cLearning to build a supply network: an exploration of dynamic business models\u201d, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 45 No. 4, pp. 774\u201099.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2008.00769.x"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merono\u2010Cerdan, F.A., Soto\u2010Acosta, P. and Lopez\u2010Nicolas, C. (2008), \u201cAnalyzing collaborative technologies effect on performance through intranet use orientations\u201d, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, Vol. 21 No. 1, pp. 39\u201051.","DOI":"10.1108\/17410390810842246"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nardi, B., Whittaker, S. and Bradner, E. (2000), \u201cInteraction and outeraction: instant messaging in action\u201d, Proceedings of the ACM CSCW Conference, ACM Press, New York, NY, pp. 79\u201088.","DOI":"10.1145\/358916.358975"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b47","unstructured":"Norman, D.A. (1991), \u201cCognitive artifacts\u201d, in Carroll, J.M. (Ed.), Designing Interaction, Psychology at the Human\u2010Computer Interface, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 17\u201038."},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reichling, T., Veith, M. and Wulf, V. (2007), \u201cExpert recommender: designing for a network organization\u201d, Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Vol. 16, pp. 431\u201065.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-007-9055-2"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, J. (2006), \u201cLimits to communities of practice\u201d, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 43 No. 3, pp. 623\u201039.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2006.00618.x"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santoro, F.M., Borges, R.S.M. and Rezende, A.E. (2006), \u201cCollaboration and knowledge sharing in network organizations\u201d, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 31, pp. 715\u201027.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2006.01.002"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b51","unstructured":"Schatzki, T.R., Knorr\u2010Cetina, K. and von Savigny, E. (2001), The Practice turn in Contemporary Theory, Routledge, London."},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b52","unstructured":"Schmidt, K. (2000), \u201cDistributed collective practices: a CSCW perspective\u201d, Invited Talk, Conference on Distributed Collective Practices, Paris, September 19\u201022."},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, K. (2002), \u201cThe problem with \u2018awareness\u2019\u201d, Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Vol. 11, pp. 285\u201098.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021272909573"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b54","unstructured":"Schuler, D. (1996), New Community Networks: Wired for Change, ACM Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b55","unstructured":"Schultz, F. and Pucher, H.F. (2003), \u201cwww.deck \u2013 Wissensmanagement bei Volkswagen\u201d, Industrie Management, Vol. 19 No. 3, pp. 64\u20106."},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seaman, B.C., Mendonca, G.M., Basili, R.V. and Kim, Y.\u2010M. (2003), \u201cUser interface evaluation and empirically\u2010based evolution of a prototype experience management tool\u201d, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 29 No. 9, pp. 838\u201050.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2003.1232288"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sigala, M. (2007), \u201cInvestigating the internet's impact on interfirm relations: evidence from the business travel management distribution chain\u201d, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 335\u201055.","DOI":"10.1108\/17410390710740772"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stockdale, R. and Borovicka, M. (2006), \u201cDeveloping an online business community: a travel industry case study\u201d, Proceedings of the 39th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, IEEE Press, New York, NY, pp. 134\u201043.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2006.123"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuckman, B. (1965), \u201cDevelopmental sequence in small groups\u201d, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 63, pp. 384\u20109.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0022100"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner, W., Bowker, G., Gasser, L. and Zacklad, M. (2006), \u201cInformation infrastructures for distributed collective practices\u201d, Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Vol. 15, pp. 93\u2010110.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-006-9014-3"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b61","unstructured":"van House, A.N. (2003), \u201cDigital libraries and collaborative knowledge construction, in Ann Peterson Bishop\u201d, in van House, N.A. and Buttenfield, B.P. (Eds), Digital Library Use \u2013 Social Practice in Design and Evaluation, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 271\u201096."},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Hippel, E. and Katz, R. (2002), \u201cShifting innovation to users via toolkits\u201d, Management Science, Vol. 48 No. 7, pp. 821\u201033.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.48.7.821.2817"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walters, D. and Rainbird, M. (2007), \u201cCooperative innovation: a value chain approach\u201d, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, Vol. 20 No. 5, pp. 595\u2010607.","DOI":"10.1108\/17410390710823725"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wenger, E. (1998), Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, & Identity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511803932"},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b64","unstructured":"Wenger, E. and Snyder, W.M. (2000), \u201cCommunities of practice: the organizational frontier\u201d, Harvard Business Review, January\/February, pp. 139\u201045."},{"key":"key2022031320185207900_b66","unstructured":"Wenger, E., McDermott, R. and Snyder, W. (2002), Cultivating Communities of Practice: A Guide to Managing Knowledge, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA."}],"container-title":["Journal of Enterprise Information Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/17410390910949742","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/17410390910949742\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/17410390910949742\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:19:20Z","timestamp":1753402760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jeim\/article\/22\/3\/317-345\/205533"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,17]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/17410390910949742"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/17410390910949742","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-0398"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-0398","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,17]]}}}