{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T03:08:25Z","timestamp":1781060905615,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,4]],"date-time":"2011-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1294099200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study is to investigate the degree of knowledge of competitive intelligence in Tunisian companies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>This exploratory study was conducted using semi\u2010in\u2010depth interviews and focus group with six executives in six companies in Tunisia. Three sectors were chosen for this study: communication technologies, manufacturing and commercial retailing. These companies are prevalent in Tunisia and are very different.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results show that Tunisian managers are conscious of the importance of competitive intelligence in the management of their companies. Second, managers believe that internal sources of information are more valuable than external sources information and personal source information is deemed most valuable. Third, the results of the process and structure questions indicate that companies may not yet be investing appropriately in building the internal infrastructure required for fully effective intelligence efficacy. Finally, this practice is not organised in a separate department and, if it is mostly done in the marketing department.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>To know and develop this practice, a company must, on the one hand, build internal competitive intelligence process. On the other hand, develop a sensitisation programme that is continuous and that should focus on telling employees what competitive intelligence is, what they can, and should, contribute and demonstrate the value in sharing information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study is the first to investigate competitive intelligence in Tunisia. The results lead to a number of recommendations to develop competitive intelligence in Tunisian companies. Various methods are proposed including awareness and training program, recognising by managers the value of competitive intelligence as an important tool to develop competitive intelligence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/17410391111097429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,18]],"date-time":"2010-12-18T07:03:08Z","timestamp":1292655788000},"page":"53-67","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Competitive intelligence in Tunisian companies"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Wadie","family":"Nasri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b1","unstructured":"Aguilar, F.J. (1967), Scanning the Business Environment, Macmillan, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b3","unstructured":"Auster, E. and Choo, C.W. (1994), \u201cHow senior managers acquire and use information in environmental scanning\u201d, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 44 No. 4, pp. 194\u2010203."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b14","unstructured":"Barson, D.C. (2002), \u201cCompeting intelligently\u201d, Global Cosmetic Industry, Vol. 170 No. 6, pp. 26\u20108."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bose, R. (2008), \u201cCompetitive intelligence process and tools for intelligence analysis\u201d, Industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol. 108 No. 4, pp. 510\u201028.","DOI":"10.1108\/02635570810868362"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b6","unstructured":"Calof, J.L. (1998), \u201cIncreasing your CIQ: the competitive intelligence edge\u201d, The 1998 Economic and Technology Development Journal of Canada, available at: www.edco.on.ca\/journal\/item22.htm (accessed 4 March 2004)."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b7","unstructured":"Calof, J.L. and Skinner, B. (1999), \u201cGovernment's role in competitive intelligence: What's happening in Canada?\u201d, Competitive Intelligence Magazine, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 20\u20103."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b8","unstructured":"Cobb, P. (2003), \u201cCompetitive intelligence through data mining\u201d, Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management, Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 80\u20109."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b9","unstructured":"Creswell, J.W. (2004), Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research, 2nd ed., Merrill Prentice\u2010Hall, Columbus, OH."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daft, R.L., Sormunen, J. and Parks, D. (1988), \u201cChief executive scanning, environmental characteristics, and company performance: an empirical study\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 9 No. 3, pp. 123\u201039.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250090204"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b19","unstructured":"Fahey, L. (1999), Competitors: Outwitting, Outmanoeuvring, Outperforming, Wiley, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fair, W.R. (1966), \u201cThe corporate CIA \u2013 a prediction of things to come\u201d, Management Science, Vol. 12 No. 10, pp. B489\u2010B503.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.12.10.B489"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b21","unstructured":"Fleicher, C.S. (2004), \u201cCompetitive intelligence education: competencies, sources, and trends\u201d, Information Management Journal, Vol. 32 No. 2, March\/April, pp. 56\u201062."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b23","unstructured":"Fuld, L.M. (1995), The New Competitor Intelligence: The Complete Resource for Finding, Analyzing, and Using Information about Your Competitors, Wiley, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b25","unstructured":"Gilad, B. (1989), \u201cThe role of organized competitive intelligence in corporate strategy\u201d, Columbia Journal of World Business, Vol. 24 No. 4, pp. 29\u201035."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilad, B. and Gilad, T. (1985), \u201cA systems approach to business intelligence\u201d, Business Horizons, Vol. 28 No. 5, pp. 65\u201070.","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-6813(85)90070-9"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b27","unstructured":"Grabowski, D.P. (1987), \u201cBuilding an effective competitive intelligence system\u201d, Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 39\u201044."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guimaraes, T. (2000), \u201cThe impact of competitive intelligence and IS support in changing small business organization\u201d, Logistics Information Management, Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 117\u201025.","DOI":"10.1108\/09576050010326510"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b29","unstructured":"Guyton, W.J. (1962), \u201cA guide to gathering marketing intelligence\u201d, Industrial Marketing, pp. 84\u20108."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b60","unstructured":"Havenga, J. and Botha, D. (2010), Developing Competitive Intelligence in the Knowledge\u2010based Organisation, available at: www.saoug.org.za\/archive\/2003\/0312a.pdf (accessed 12 August)."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b31","unstructured":"Herring, J. (1998), \u201cWhat is intelligence analysis?\u201d, Competitive Intelligence Magazine, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 13\u201016."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b32","unstructured":"Johnson, J.L. and Kuehn, R. (1987), \u201cThe small business owner\/manager's search for external information\u201d, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 25 No. 3, pp. 53\u201068."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, J.W. and McLeod, R. Jr (1986), \u201cThe structure of executive information systems: an exploratory analysis\u201d, Decision Science, Vol. 17 No. 2, pp. 220\u201049.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.1986.tb00223.x"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b36","unstructured":"Kahaner, L. (1997), Competitive Intelligence, Touchstone, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keegan, W.J. (1974), \u201cMultinational scanning: a study of the information sources utilized by headquarters executives in multinational companies\u201d, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 19, pp. 411\u201021.","DOI":"10.2307\/2391981"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b41","unstructured":"McGonagle, J.J. and Vella, Q.M. (2002), \u201cA case for competitive intelligence\u201d, Information Management Journal, Vol. 36 No. 4, pp. 35\u201040."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montgomery, D.B. and Urban, G.L. (1970), \u201cMarketing decision\u2010information systems: an emerging view\u201d, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 226\u201034.","DOI":"10.1177\/002224377000700211"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montgomery, D.B. and Weinberg, C.B. (1979), \u201cToward strategic intelligence systems\u201d, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 43, pp. 41\u201052.","DOI":"10.1177\/002224297904300405"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b61","unstructured":"Morgan, J. (2000), \u201cDefining the experiental consumption of sport\u201d, unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Queensland, Brisbane."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b63","unstructured":"Myburgh, S. (2004), \u201cCompetitive intelligence: bridging organizational boundaries\u201d, The Information Management Journal, Vol. 38 No. 2, pp. 46\u201055."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearce, F.T. (1971), \u201cIntelligence: a technology for the 1980s?\u201d, Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 11\u201026.","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-8501(71)90005-8"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b46","unstructured":"Porter, M.E. (1980), Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, The Free Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b47","unstructured":"Preble, J.F., Rau, P.A. and Reichel, A. (1988), \u201cThe environmental scanning practices of US multinationals in the late 1980s\u201d, Management International Review, Vol. 28 No. 4, pp. 4\u201014."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Priporac, C.V., Gastoris, L. and Zacharis, V. (2005), \u201cCompetitive intelligence activity: evidence from Greece\u201d, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 23 No. 7, pp. 659\u201069.","DOI":"10.1108\/02634500510630195"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b52","unstructured":"Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals (SCIP) (2008), Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals, available at: www.scip.org\/content.cfm?itemnumber=2226&navItemNumber=2227 (accessed 11 February)."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b54","unstructured":"Viviers, W. and Muller, M.\u2010L. (2004), \u201cThe evolution of competitive intelligence in South Africa: early 1980s\u20102003\u201d, Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 54\u201068."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viviers, W., Saayman, A. and Muller, M. (2005), \u201cEnhancing a competitive intelligence culture in South Africa\u201d, International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 32 No. 7, pp. 576\u201089.","DOI":"10.1108\/03068290510601117"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright, S., Pickton, D.W. and Callow, J. (2002), \u201cCompetitive intelligence in UK firms: a typology\u201d, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 20 No. 6, pp. 349\u201060.","DOI":"10.1108\/02634500210445400"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg1","unstructured":"Asheghian, P. and Ebrahimi, P. (1990), International Business, Harper Collins, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg2","unstructured":"Calof, J. and Skinner, W. (1998), \u201cLa veille concurrentielle: le meilleur des mondes pour les gestionnaires\u201d, Optimum, La revue de gestion du secteur public, Vol. 28, pp. 42\u20107."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calof, J.L. and Wright, S. (2008), \u201cCompetitive intelligence: a practitioner, academic, and inter\u2010disciplinary perspective\u201d, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 42 Nos 7\/8, pp. 717\u201030.","DOI":"10.1108\/03090560810877114"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Culnan, M.J. (1983), \u201cEnvironmental scanning: the effects of task complexity and source accessibility on information gathering behavior\u201d, Decision Sciences, Vol. 14, April, pp. 194\u2010206.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.1983.tb00180.x"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daft, R.L. and Weick, K.E. (1984), \u201cToward a model of organizations as interpretation systems\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 284\u201095.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1984.4277657"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dill, W.R. (1958), \u201cEnvironment as an influence on managerial autonomy\u201d, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 3 No. 1, pp. 409\u201043.","DOI":"10.2307\/2390794"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duncan, R.B. (1972), \u201cCharacteristics of organizational environments and perceived environmental uncertainties\u201d, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 17, pp. 313\u201027.","DOI":"10.2307\/2392145"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebrahimi, B.P. (2000), \u201cPerceived strategic uncertainty and environmental scanning behavior of Hong Kong Chinese executives\u201d, Journal of Business Research.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0148-2963(98)00120-9"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg17","unstructured":"Economist Intelligence Unit (1997), Investing, Licensing and Trading in Nigeria, The Economist Intelligence Unit, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elenkov, D.S. (1997), \u201cStrategic uncertainty and environmental scanning: the case for institutional influences on scanning behavior\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 18 No. 4, pp. 287\u2010302.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0266(199704)18:4<287::AID-SMJ865>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg22","unstructured":"Fleisher, C.S. (2001), \u201cAn introduction to the management and practices of competitive intelligence (CI)\u201d, in Fleisher, C.G. and Blenkhorn, D.L. (Eds), Managing Frontiers in Competitive Intelligence, Quorum Books, Westport, CT, pp. 3\u201018."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghoshal, S. and Westney, D.E. (1991), \u201cOrganizing competitor analysis systems\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 12, pp. 17\u201031.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250120103"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg28","unstructured":"Grant, R.M. (1998), Contemporary Strategy Analysis, 2nd ed., Blackwell Publishers, Oxford."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harcourt Sawyerr, O.O. (1993), \u201cEnvironmental uncertainty and environmental scanning activities of Nigerian manufacturing executives: a comparative analysis\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 14 No. 4, pp. 287\u201099.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250140405"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaworski, B.J., Macinnis, D.J. and Kohli, A.K. (2002), \u201cGenerating competitive intelligence in organizations\u201d, Journal of Market\u2010focused Management, Vol. 5 No. 4, December, p. 279.","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JMFM.0000008071.19917.36"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg35","unstructured":"Kahaner, L. (1996), Competitive Intelligence: How to Gather, Analyze, and Use Information to Move Your Business to the Top, 1st ed., Simon & Schuster, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg38","unstructured":"Kennedy, M.L. (1996), \u201cPositioning strategic information: partnering for the information age\u201d, Special Libraries, Vol. 87 No. 2, pp. 120\u201031."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobrin, S.J., Basek, J., Blank, S. and La Palombara, J. (1980), \u201cThe assessment and evaluation of non\u2010economic environments by American firms: a preliminary report\u201d, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 32\u201047.","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8490594"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg44","unstructured":"Montgomery, D.B. and Weinberg, C.B. (1991), \u201cToward strategic intelligence systems\u201d, in Enis, B.M. and Cox, K.K. (Eds), Marketing Classics: A Selection of Influential Articles, Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA, pp. 341\u201058."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rhyne, L.C. (1985), \u201cThe relationship of information usage characteristics to planning system sophistication: an empirical examination\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 319\u201037.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250060403"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabry, K. and AlShawi, S. (2009), \u201cTransforming government: people\u201d, Process and Policy, Vol. 3 No. 2, p. 163.","DOI":"10.1108\/17506160910960559"},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg51","unstructured":"Smeltzer, L.R., Fann, G.L. and Nikolaisen, V.N. (1988), \u201cEnvironmental scanning practices in small business\u201d, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 26 No. 3, pp. 55\u201062."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg53","unstructured":"Strauss, A. and Corbin, J. (1990), Basics of Qualitative Research, Sage, Newbury Park, CA."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg55","unstructured":"Wright, S., Callow, J.E. and Pickton, D.W. (1999), Competitive Intelligence in Action, Leicester Business School, De Montfort University, Leicester."},{"key":"key2022031719483424600_frg56","unstructured":"Wright, S., McNidder, S. and Pickton, D. (1999), They've Done What? Competitor Intelligence for the Smaller Enterprise, De Montfort University, Leicester."}],"container-title":["Journal of Enterprise Information Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/17410391111097429","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/17410391111097429\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/17410391111097429\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:19:28Z","timestamp":1753402768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jeim\/article\/24\/1\/53-67\/194929"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,4]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/17410391111097429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/17410391111097429","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-0398"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-0398","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,4]]}}}