{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T10:25:06Z","timestamp":1783074306057,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1\/2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,8]],"date-time":"2013-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>As increasing numbers of older people retain their teeth for longer, the result is a dramatic change in both the volume and type of dental treatment required. In response to the ageing population issues, changing dental needs, a shortage of NHS dentists, and the creation of new roles in the dental profession, both the UK Department of Health and British Dental Association have emphasised the importance of dental workforce planning and in particular to estimating the size and skill\u2010mix of the dental team. The dental team includes such professions as dentists, hygienists, therapists and technicians. The purpose of this paper is to present collaborative work between operational researchers and dental public health researchers, and as such is the first academic project to utilise operational research (OR) techniques to address issues surrounding predictions on demand and supply of dental activities in England, with recommendations on the necessary skill\u2010mix of the dental team.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>A three\u2010stage model has been constructed to predict demand for dental treatment, dental workforce supply and optimisation of the skill\u2010mix of the dental workforce team over the next 20 years. A cost\u2010benefit study is included and Monte Carlo simulation is used for sensitivity analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings reveal a significant shortage in dental workforce supply, both currently and projected for the short\u2010term future.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Social implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Demand for dental treatment is certain to rise over the next 20 or more years. An ageing population coupled with trends in increased tooth retention will have a significant impact on the need and demand for dental care amongst older people in the future. This research makes a series of recommendations in order to expand public care provision in a cost\u2010effective manner.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is an urgent need to provide recommendations on the desirable skill\u2010mix of dental teams, and their cost\u2010effectiveness. This paper presents novel collaborative work between operational researchers and dental public health researchers, and as such is the first academic project to utilise OR techniques to address issues surrounding predictions on demand and supply of dental activities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/17410391311289569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]],"date-time":"2013-01-31T12:29:38Z","timestamp":1359635378000},"page":"91-108","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Cost\u2010effective workforce planning: optimising the dental team skill\u2010mix for England"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Harper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Kleinman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bearne, A. and Kravitz, A. (2000), \u201cThe 1999 BDA Heathrow timings inquiry\u201d, British Dental Journal, Vol. 188 No. 4, pp. 189\u201094.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4800427"},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boulos, M. and Phillipps, G. (2004), \u201cIs NHS dentistry in crisis? \u2018Traffic light\u2019 maps of dentists distribution in England and Wales\u201d, International Journal of Health Geographics, Vol. 3, pp. 10\u201025, available at: www.ij\u2010healthgeographics.com\/content\/3\/1\/10","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-3-10"},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b3","unstructured":"British Dental Association (BDA) (2003), Oral Healthcare for Older People: 2020 Vision, BDA, London."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b4","unstructured":"British Dental Association (BDA) (2005a), Evidence to the Doctors\u2019 and Dentists\u2019 Review Body, BDA, London."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b5","unstructured":"British Dental Association (BDA) (2005b), Information on Hourly Pay Rates for Dental Staff, BDA, London."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b6","unstructured":"Burgersdijk, R., Brokhurst, E., Truin, G. and Wiersma, T. (1994), Future Scenarios on Dental Health Care: A Reconnaissance of the Period 1990\u20102020, Kluwer Academic Publishers, London."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b8","unstructured":"Department of Health (2000a), Modernising NHS Dentistry: Implementing the NHS Plan, Department of Health, London."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b9","unstructured":"Department of Health (2000b), A Health Service of all the Talents: Developing the NHS Workforce, Department of Health, London."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b11","unstructured":"Department of Health (2002), Options for Change, Department of Health, London."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b12","unstructured":"Department of Health (2004a), Report of the Primary Care Dental Workforce Review, Department of Health, London."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b13","unstructured":"Department of Health (2004b), NHS Dentistry: Delivering Change, Department of Health, London."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b14","unstructured":"Department of Health (2005), Primary Dental Care Services: Implementation of Local Commissioning, Department of Health: London."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b15","unstructured":"Department of Health (2006), NHS Dentists\u2019 Average Remuneration, Department of Health, London."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowsland, K.A. and Thompson, J.M. (2000), \u201cSolving a nurse scheduling problem with knapsacks, networks and Tabu search\u201d, Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 51 No. 7, pp. 825\u201033.","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2600970"},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b18","unstructured":"Ernst, A., Hourigan, P. and Krishnamoorthy, M. et al. (1999), \u201cRostering ambulance officers\u201d, Proceedings of the 15th National Conference of the Australian Society for Operations Research, Gold Coast, pp. 470\u201081."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallagher, J.E., Kleinman, E.R. and Harper, P.R. (2010), \u201cModelling workforce skill\u2010mix: how can dental professionals meet the needs and demands of older people in England?\u201d, British Dental Journal, Vol. 208 No. 3, pp. 116\u201017.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2010.132"},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b20","unstructured":"General Dental Council (2005), The Registration of Dental Care Professionals, General Dental Council, London."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b21","unstructured":"General Dental Council (2010), \u201cScope of practice\u201d, in, available at: www.gdc\u2010uk.org\/Newsandpublications\/Pressreleases\/Pages\/GDC\u2010to\u2010review\u2010its\u2010Standards\u2010and\u2010Scope\u2010of\u2010Practice.aspx (accessed 9 April 2011)."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b100","unstructured":"Government Actuary's Department (2004), \u201cBased population projections in the UK and constituent countries\u201d, National Statistics, London, available at: www.gad.gov.uk\/Publications\/docs\/Population_trends_123.pdf"},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffiths, J.D., Price\u2010Lloyd, N., Smithies, M. and Williams, J.E. (2005), \u201cModelling the requirement for supplementary nurses in an intensive care unit\u201d, Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 56, pp. 126\u201033.","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2601882"},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harper, P.R. (2002), \u201cA framework for operational modelling of hospital resources\u201d, Health Care Management Science, Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 165\u201073.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019767900627"},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harper, P.R., Phillips, S. and Gallagher, J.E. (2005), \u201cGeographical simulation modelling for the regional planning of oral and maxillofacial surgery across London\u201d, Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 56 No. 2, pp. 134\u201043.","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2601898"},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harper, P.R., Powell, N.H. and Williams, J.E. (2010), \u201cModelling the size and skill\u2010mix of hospital nursing teams\u201d, Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 61 No. 5, pp. 768\u201079.","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.2009.43"},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b36","unstructured":"(The) Information Centre (2006), NHS Dental Activity and Workforce Report, Information Centre, London."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b37","unstructured":"(The) Information Centre (2011), \u201cAdult Dental Health Survey 2009\u201d, available at: www.ic.nhs.uk\/statistics\u2010and\u2010data\u2010collections\/primary\u2010care\/dentistry\/adult\u2010dental\u2010health\u2010survey\u20102009\u2010\u2010summary\u2010report\u2010and\u2010thematic\u2010series (accessed 9 April 2011)."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b26","unstructured":"Kelly, M., Steele, J., Nuttall, N. Bradnock, G., Morris, J., Nunn, J., Pine, C., Pitts, N., Treasure, E. and White, D. (2000), Adult Dental Health Survey: Oral Health in the UK 1998, The Stationery Office, London."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleinman, E.R., Gallagher, J. and Harper, P.R. (2009), \u201cTrends in NHS primary dental care for older people in England: implications for the future\u201d, Gerodontology, Vol. 26 No. 3, pp. 193\u2010201.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-2358.2008.00260.x"},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b28","unstructured":"Medical Education England (2011), \u201cDental Programme Board of MEE\u201d, available at: www.mee.nhs.uk\/programme_boards\/dental_programme_board.aspx (accessed 11 April 2011)."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mooney, C.Z. (1997), Monte Carlo Simulation, SAGE Publications, London.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412985116"},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b30","unstructured":"National Audit Office (2004), Reforming NHS Dentistry: Ensuring Effective Management of Risks, National Audit Office, London."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Working Group for Older People (2005), \u201cMeeting the challenges of oral health for older people: a strategic review\u201d, Gerodontology, Vol. 22 No. S1, pp. 2\u201048.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-2358.2005.00095_5.x"},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b32","unstructured":"NHS Education (NES), Information Services Division (ISD) (2004), Workforce Planning for Dentistry in Scotland, NHS Scotland, Edinburgh."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b33","unstructured":"NHS Education (NES), Information Services Division (ISD) (2008), An Analysis of Dental Workforce in Scotland, NHS Scotland, Edinburgh."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b34","unstructured":"NHS Education (NES), Information Services Division (ISD) (2010), An Analysis of Dental Workforce in Scotland, Scottish Government, Edinburgh, available at: www.scotland.gov.uk\/Publications\/2011\/03\/07154848\/0 (accessed 11 April 2011)."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siferd, S.P. and Benton, W.C. (1992), \u201cWorkforce staffing and scheduling: hospital nursing specific models\u201d, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 60 No. 3, pp. 233\u201046.","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(92)90075-K"},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_frd1","unstructured":"Department of Health (2001), National Service Framework for Older People, Department of Health, London."},{"key":"key2022021020164351200_frd2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eaton, K. (2006), \u201cNew dental care in SW England: a step in the right direction\u201d, Primary Dental Care, Vol. 13, p. 47.","DOI":"10.1308\/135576106776337922"}],"container-title":["Journal of Enterprise Information Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/17410391311289569","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/17410391311289569\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/17410391311289569\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:19:36Z","timestamp":1753402776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jeim\/article\/26\/1-2\/91-108\/206386"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Navonil","family":"Mustafee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,8]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1\/2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/17410391311289569"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/17410391311289569","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-0398"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-0398","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,8]]}}}