{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T07:38:49Z","timestamp":1773301129363,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,28]],"date-time":"2011-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,28]]},"abstract":"Purpose<\/jats:title>The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of time lag to grey system models, and propose the grey system models with time lags.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>The models were applied to calculate the time lags between spring flow and precipitation (i.e. hydraulic response time) and simulate karst spring discharge in Liulin Springs Basin, China.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Findings<\/jats:title>The results show that the time lags of Lishi, Zhongyang, and Fangshan are three, five, and eight, respectively. By considering the time lags, we set up the grey system GM(1,4) response model of Liulin Springs discharge to precipitation of Lishi, Zhongyang, and Fangshan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>The results are in agreement with regional geological structure and provide a better understanding of karst hydrological processes of Liulin Springs Basin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/20439371111106722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,22]],"date-time":"2011-01-22T07:25:10Z","timestamp":1295681110000},"page":"47-56","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Grey system model with time lag and application to simulation of karst spring discharge"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Yonghong","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yajie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaojuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huamin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022021420131493700_b6","unstructured":"Deng, J. (1988), Grey System, China Ocean Press, Beijing (in Chinese)."},{"key":"key2022021420131493700_b8","unstructured":"Han, X., Lu, R. and Li, Q. (1993), Investigation of Big Springs in Shanxi, Geologic Publish House, Beijing, pp. 294\u2010305 (in Chinese)."},{"key":"key2022021420131493700_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, Y., Yeh, T., Wang, Y. and Zhoa, Y. (2007), \u201cAnalysis of karst aquifer spring flows with a gray system decomposition model\u201d, Ground Water, Vol. 45 No. 1, pp. 45\u201056.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2006.00255.x"},{"key":"key2022021420131493700_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, Y., Yeh, T., Gao, Z., Wang, Y. and Zhao, Y. (2006), \u201cA gray system model for studying the response to climatic change: the Liulin karst springs, China\u201d, Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 32 Nos 3\/4, pp. 668\u201076.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2006.01.022"},{"key":"key2022021420131493700_b7","unstructured":"Liu, S. and Lin, Y. (2006), Grey Information: Theory and Practical Applications, Springer, London."},{"key":"key2022021420131493700_b1","unstructured":"Liu, S., Dang, Y. and Fang, Z. (2004), Grey System Theory and Application, Science Publishing Company, Beijing, pp. 125\u201062 (in Chinese)."},{"key":"key2022021420131493700_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, T., Wang, Y. and Guo, Q. (2004), \u201cResponse of carbonate aquifer to climate change in northern China: a case study at the Shentou springs\u201d, Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 297 Nos 1\/4, pp. 274\u201084.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2004.04.020"},{"key":"key2022021420131493700_b5","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zhang, J. and Wang, R. (2001), The Grey System Analysis and Its Computer Program, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press, Wuhan (in Chinese)."},{"key":"key2022021420131493700_b4","unstructured":"Wang, X., Nie, H., Li, J. and Lei, J. (1989), Application of the Grey System Model to an Agriculture Economy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press, Wuhan (in Chinese)."},{"key":"key2022021420131493700_b2","unstructured":"White, W.B. (1988), Geomorphology and Hydrology of Karst Terrains, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, pp. 380\u2010405."}],"container-title":["Grey Systems: Theory and Application"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/20439371111106722","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/20439371111106722\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/20439371111106722\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:52:31Z","timestamp":1753401151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/gs\/article\/1\/1\/47-56\/221244"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,28]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/20439371111106722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/20439371111106722","relation":{},"ISSN":["2043-9377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2043-9377","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,28]]}}}