{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T21:53:05Z","timestamp":1759701185101,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,28]],"date-time":"2011-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to establish a new model for non\u2010equidistance sequence and research affine properties of the new model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>Generalized non\u2010equidistance GM(1,1) model is put forward based on generalized accumulated generating operation (AGO) theory, and particle swarm optimization is used to solve the parameters of the new model, then affine properties of the new model are researched based on matrix analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results are convincing: the simulation and prediction precisions of generalized non\u2010equidistance GM(1,1) model are raised greatly, and it is proved that the affine transformation sequence has the same simulative accuracy with the raw sequence for generalized non\u2010equidistance GM(1,1) model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The method exposed in the paper can be used to model and predict for non\u2010equidistance sequence in the practical problem.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper succeeds in establishing a new non\u2010equidistance grey model and obtaining the affine properties of generalized non\u2010equidistance GM(1,1) model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/20439371111106759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,22]],"date-time":"2011-01-22T07:25:00Z","timestamp":1295681100000},"page":"87-96","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Research on generalized non\u2010equidistance GM(1,1) model based on matrix analysis"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Xinping","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunkun","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022012320454572600_b13","unstructured":"Dai, W. and Li, J. 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(2009), \u201cGeneralized accumulation grey model and its optimal algorithm\u201d, Systems Engineering\u2010Theory & Practice, Vol. 29 No. 6, pp. 147\u201056."},{"key":"key2022012320454572600_b12","unstructured":"Jiang, W., Li, X. and Zhao, G. (2003), \u201cResearch on the time\u2010data\u2010separation of the forecast of unequal interval sequence\u201d, Systems Engineering\u2010Theory & Practice, No. 1, pp. 68\u201072."},{"key":"key2022012320454572600_b14","unstructured":"Li, C. and Dai, W. (2007), \u201cDeterminator of the background level in the non\u2010equidistant GM(1,1) model\u201d, J. Tsinghua Univ. (Sci. &Tech.), Vol. 47, S2, pp. 1729\u201032."},{"key":"key2022012320454572600_b10","unstructured":"Li, F., Wang, Z. and Song, Z. (2002), \u201cA new method for grey forecasting model\u201d, Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 1\u20107."},{"key":"key2022012320454572600_b4","unstructured":"Liu, W. and Cui, G. 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