{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T13:38:14Z","timestamp":1782740294725,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,28]],"date-time":"2011-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to realize a location\u2010routing network optimization in reverse logistics (RL) using grey systems theory for uncertain information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is much uncertain information in network optimization and location\u2010routing problem (LRP) of RL, including fuzzy information, stochastic information and grey information, etc. Fuzzy information and stochastic information have been studied in logistics, however grey information of RL has not been covered. In the LRP of RL, grey recycling demands are taken into account. Then, a mathematics model with grey recycling demands has been constructed, and it can be transformed into grey chance\u2010constrained programming (GCCP) model, grey simulation and a proposed hybrid particle swarm optimization (PSO) are combined to resolve it. An example is also computed in the last part of the paper.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results are convincing: not only that grey system theory can be used to deal with grey uncertain information about location\u2010routing problem of RL, but GCCP, grey simulation and PSO can be combined to resolve the grey model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The method exposed in the paper can be used to deal with location\u2010routing problem with grey recycling information in RL, and network optimization result with grey uncertain factor could be helpful for logistics efficiency and practicability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper succeeds in realising both a constructed model about location\u2010routing of RL with grey recycling demands and a solution algorithm about grey mathematics model by using one of the newest developed theories: grey systems theory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/20439371111106768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,22]],"date-time":"2011-01-22T07:25:05Z","timestamp":1295681105000},"page":"97-104","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Research on location\u2010routing problem of reverse logistics with grey recycling demands based on PSO"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qishan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022020520401904500_b2","unstructured":"Chang, X.\u2010Y. and Fan, T.\u2010J. (2008), \u201cLocation optimization of processing center of reverse logistics based on fuzzy and AHP\u201d, Science and Technology Management Research, Vol. 1, pp. 137\u201040."},{"key":"key2022020520401904500_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charnes, A. and Cooper, W.W. (1959), \u201cChance\u2010constrained programming\u201d, Management Science, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 73\u20109.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.6.1.73"},{"key":"key2022020520401904500_b4","unstructured":"Deng, J.\u2010L. (1988), Grey Control System, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press, Wuhan."},{"key":"key2022020520401904500_b5","unstructured":"Eberhart, R.C. and Kennedy, J. (1995), \u201cA new optimizer using particle swarm theory\u201d, Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Micro Machine and Human Science, IEEE, New York, NY, pp. 39\u201043."},{"key":"key2022020520401904500_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy, J. and Eberhart, R.C. (1995), \u201cParticle swarm optimization\u201d, Proceedings of 1995 IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks. IEEE, New York, NY, pp. 1942\u20108.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNN.1995.488968"},{"key":"key2022020520401904500_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Listes, O. and Dekker, R. (2005), \u201cA stochastic approache to a case study for product recovery network design\u201d, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 60, pp. 268\u201087.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2001.12.001"},{"key":"key2022020520401904500_b8","unstructured":"Liu, H. and Zhang, Q.\u2010S. (2007), \u201cChaos\u2010particle swarm optimization algorithm and its application to mechanical optimal design\u201d, Machine Design and Research, Vol. 23 No. 5, pp. 6\u20108."},{"key":"key2022020520401904500_b9","unstructured":"Liu, S.\u2010F. and Guo, T.\u2010B. (1999), Grey System Theory and Application, Henan Unviversity Press, Kaifeng."},{"key":"key2022020520401904500_b10","unstructured":"Liu, Y\u2010J. and Wang, X\u2010Y. (2003), \u201cGrey chance\u2010constrained programming based on grey emulation\u201d, Journal of East China University of Science and Technology, Vol. 29 No. 4, pp. 405\u20108."},{"key":"key2022020520401904500_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.C.L., Chen, S.F. and Yuen, M.M.F. (2001), \u201cFuzzy part family formation based on grey relational analysis\u201d, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 18, pp. 128\u201032.","DOI":"10.1007\/s001700170083"},{"key":"key2022020520401904500_b12","unstructured":"Xiao, R.\u2010B. and Cai, Z.\u2010Y. (2009), \u201cFuzzy cost control of closed\u2010loop quality chain under uncertain quality level\u201d, Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems, Vol. 15 No. 6, pp. 1207\u201014."},{"key":"key2022020520401904500_b13","unstructured":"Yue, H. (2007), \u201cUncertain optimal construction of reuse reverse logistics networks\u201d, doctoral dissertation, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu."},{"key":"key2022020520401904500_b14","unstructured":"Zhang, Q.\u2010S. (2002), Difference Information Theory of Grey Hazy Set, Petrolenum Industry Press, Beijing."},{"key":"key2022020520401904500_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q.\u2010S. and Chen, K.\u2010J. (2007), \u201cMeasuring grey characteristics of association grey knowledge\u201d, Proceedings of 2007 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, The Deltal Centre\u2010Ville at Montreal, Quebec, October 7\u201010, pp. 2196\u20109.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.2007.4414223"},{"key":"key2022020520401904500_b11","unstructured":"Zhang, Q.S. and Wang, H.Y. (2009), \u201cMeasuring the greyness of grey cluster knowledge\u201d, The Journal of Grey System, Vol. 21 No. 3, pp. 259\u201068."}],"container-title":["Grey Systems: Theory and Application"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/20439371111106768","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/20439371111106768\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/20439371111106768\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:52:32Z","timestamp":1753401152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/gs\/article\/1\/1\/97-104\/221237"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,28]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/20439371111106768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/20439371111106768","relation":{},"ISSN":["2043-9377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2043-9377","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,28]]}}}