{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T11:24:50Z","timestamp":1778585090916,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,17]],"date-time":"2012-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1345161600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to find an incentive strategy to enhance the interests of the main manufacturer by inducing the suppliers to conflict the fixed incentive provided by the main manufacturer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The main manufacturer\u2010supplier model is widely applied in the R&amp;D procedure of complex products such as aeroplanes. Because of the uncertainty in the R&amp;D, the effort of the suppliers has an important effect on it. Considering the dynamic interaction between the main manufacturers and suppliers, with the main manufacturers as leaders and suppliers as followers, this paper establishes a Grey\u2010Stackelberg model to analyze the best change of the incentive strategies of the main manufacturers and the effort strategies under incentive\u2010conflict of suppliers under the uncertain environment. A numeric example is also computed in the last part of the paper.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results show that the main manufacturer can increase its benefit without damaging the interests of suppliers by controlling the fixed incentives.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper succeeds in establishing the Grey\u2010Stackelberg model by analysing the grey area among the main manufacturer and the suppliers, and helps to develop grey systems theory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/20439371211260207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,13]],"date-time":"2014-11-13T12:10:36Z","timestamp":1415880636000},"page":"240-248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Coordination of incentive conflict based on Grey\u2010Stackelberg model under the main manufacturers\u2010suppliers model"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"He","family":"Lifang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Hongzhuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022030820122559100_b8","unstructured":"Fang, Z.\u2010G. (2007), Research on the Grey Game Theory and Its Application in Economy, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing."},{"key":"key2022030820122559100_b4","unstructured":"Fu, Q. and Zeng, S.\u2010Q. (2007), \u201cDifferential game models of the vertical cooperative advertising\u201d, Systems Engineering\u2010Theory & Practice, Vol. 11, pp. 26\u201033."},{"key":"key2022030820122559100_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirshleifer, J. (1988), \u201cThe analvtics of continuins conflict\u201d, Svnthese, Vol. 76, pp. 201\u201033.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00869589"},{"key":"key2022030820122559100_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirshleifer, J. (1991), \u201cThe paradox of power\u201d, Economics and Politics, Vol. 3, pp. 177\u2010200.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0343.1991.tb00046.x"},{"key":"key2022030820122559100_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirshleifer, J. (1995), \u201cTheorizing about conflict\u201d, in Hartley, K. and Sandler, T. (Eds), Handbook of Defense Economics, Vol. 1, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 165\u201089.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-0013(05)80009-2"},{"key":"key2022030820122559100_b15","unstructured":"Hongsheng, X. (1994), \u201cInteractive decision method of lower level multi\u2010person bilevel decision problem with Stachelberg Leader\u2010Follower Game\u201d, System Engineering Theory Methodology Application, Vol. 2, pp. 6\u201011."},{"key":"key2022030820122559100_b12","unstructured":"Liu, S., Dang, Y. and Fang, Z. (2004), Grey System Theory and Applications, Press of Science, Beijing."},{"key":"key2022030820122559100_b16","unstructured":"Liu, S., Dang, Y. and Fang, Z. (2010), Grey System Theory and Application, Science Press, Beijing."},{"key":"key2022030820122559100_b7","unstructured":"Liu, T. and Hu, A. 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(1999), \u201cFuzzy interactive decision method of multi\u2010objective bilevel decision problem[J]\u201d, Journal Of Systems Engineering, Vol. 14, pp. 305\u201010."},{"key":"key2022030820122559100_b1","unstructured":"Xiaoping, T. (2009), \u201cAdapting to new mode of main manufacturer\u2010supplier, devoted to be an excellent airframe supplier\u201d, Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 2, pp. 64\u20105."},{"key":"key2022030820122559100_b5","unstructured":"Yang, W.S. and Li, L. (2007), \u201cDecision analysis of just in time delivery incentive contract based on Stackelberg model\u201d, Systems Engineering\u2010Theory & Practice, Vol. 11, pp. 26\u201033."},{"key":"key2022030820122559100_b3","unstructured":"Zhang, T.\u2010Z., Liu, Z.\u2010Y., Teng, C.\u2010X. and Hu, Y.\u2010Q. 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