{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T21:50:37Z","timestamp":1769550637321,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642723200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AJIM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigates competitive intelligence (CI)-related practices in companies, including process, scope and organizational structure. As these aspects have not been sufficiently discussed in the literature, the study objective is to determine (1) the type of CI process being employed, (2) whether the CI scope is limited to competitor analysis or spans a broader business environment and (3) whether the CI process and scope vary depending on organizational CI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>An interview was conducted at two types of Japanese companies: one established a CI department to implement CI, whereas the other did not establish a CI department and conducted CI in an ad hoc manner. Multicase studies were performed to examine companies with different organizational structures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The CI scopes included a broad range of factors (e.g. technology, customers, markets, suppliers, economy, society, politics, legislation and regulation), and not only competitor analysis. An established CI department did not guarantee a well-organized CI process. Furthermore, the lack of such a department did not preclude systematic CI processes or activities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors classified the CI in the companies the authors inspected as either systematic (organized CI) or ad hoc (unorganized CI) methods. The advantages and disadvantages of both are discussed. The authors found the promotion mechanisms in company-wide CI process, which can cause intelligence transfers from CI to absorptive capacity processes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ajim-05-2021-0133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T07:57:13Z","timestamp":1642579033000},"page":"631-649","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Competitive intelligence practices in Japanese companies: multicase studies"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1354-4157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ichiro","family":"Tsuchimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuya","family":"Kajikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2022060904452991200_ref001","unstructured":"Amarouche, K., El Akrouchi, M., Benbrahim, H. and Kassou, I. (2016), \u201cIntroduction to competitive intelligence: process, applications and tool\u201d, in Soliman, K.S. (Ed.), Innovation Management and Education Excellence Vision 2020: From Regional Development, Sustainability to Global Economic Growth, Int Business Information Management, Milan, pp.\u00a02876-2885."},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1108\/CR-05-2019-0054","article-title":"A new conceptual framework for identifying the factors influencing the effectiveness of competitive intelligence","volume":"30","year":"2020","journal-title":"Competitiveness Review"},{"key":"key2022060904452991200_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14783363.2020.1842188","article-title":"Attaining organisational agility through competitive intelligence: the roles of strategic flexibility and organisational innovation","year":"2020","journal-title":"Total Quality Management and Business Excellence"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236412","article-title":"Competitive intelligence and its impact on innovations in tourism industry of China: an empirical research","volume":"15","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/aris.1440360109","article-title":"Competitive intelligence","volume":"6","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annual Review of Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-6301(94)90003-5","article-title":"I want it fast, factual, actionable-tailoring competitive intelligence to executive needs","volume":"27","year":"1994","journal-title":"Long Range Planning"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1108\/02635570810868362","article-title":"Competitive intelligence process and tools for intelligence analysis","volume":"108","year":"2008","journal-title":"Industrial Management and Data System"},{"key":"key2022060904452991200_ref008","first-page":"382","article-title":"Competitive intelligence for small-and-medium-sized enterprises in the globalization of trade","year":"2010"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1108\/FS-07-2017-0024","article-title":"Canadian competitive intelligence practices \u2013 a study of practicing strategic and competitive intelligence professionals Canadian members","volume":"19","year":"2017","journal-title":"Foresight"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1108\/FS-08-2020-0080","article-title":"The impact of firm size on competitive intelligence activities","volume":"22","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foresight"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref011","first-page":"32","article-title":"On the relationship between competitive intelligence and innovation","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligence Studies in Business"},{"key":"key2022060904452991200_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandan, H.C. (2017), \u201cBlurred lines between competitive intelligence and corporate espionage\u201d, in Christiansen, B. and Kasarci, F. (Eds), Corporate Espionage, Geopolitics, and Diplomacy Issues in International Business, pp.\u00a01-12, Advances in Finance Accounting and Economics. doi: 10.4018\/978-1-5225-1031-4.ch001.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-1031-4.ch001"},{"key":"key2022060904452991200_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.2307\/2393553","article-title":"Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation","volume":"35","year":"1990","journal-title":"Administrative Science Quarterly"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-02-2016-0083","article-title":"Intrinsic motivation for knowledge sharing \u2013 competitive intelligence process in a telecom company","volume":"20","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijfs9020031","article-title":"Innovation and competitive intelligence in business. A bibliometric analysis","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Financial Studies"},{"key":"key2022060904452991200_ref016","unstructured":"Dinu, D.G. (2018), \u201cThe encroachment of the competitive intelligence's functions on the companies' profit\u201d, in Vrontis, D., Weber, Y. and Tsoukatos, E. (Eds), Research Advancements in National and Global Business Theory and Practice, Book Series: EuroMed Academy of Business Conference Book of Proceedings, pp.\u00a01530-1534."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref017","first-page":"1650","article-title":"Supporting competitive intelligence at DuPont by controlling information overload and cutting through the noise","volume":"15","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Information and Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/sajim.v18i2.726","article-title":"Developing a competitive intelligence strategy framework supporting the competitive intelligence needs of a financial institution's decision makers","volume":"18","year":"2016","journal-title":"South African Journal of Information Management"},{"key":"key2022060904452991200_ref019","article-title":"Knowledge asset potential vs. vulnerability: balancing risks","year":"2008"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1108\/FS-02-2020-0011","article-title":"Competitive intelligence: a prescription for US health-care?","volume":"22","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foresight"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref021","first-page":"57","article-title":"Competitive intelligence theoretical framework and practices: the case of Spanish universities","volume":"68","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aslib Journal of Information Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1108\/00012531311330647","article-title":"Enabler and inhibitor factors influencing competitive intelligence practices","volume":"65","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aslib Proceedings"},{"key":"key2022060904452991200_ref023","volume-title":"The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategy for Qualitative Research","year":"1967"},{"key":"key2022060904452991200_ref024","article-title":"Synergy between competitive intelligence and knowledge management: a key for competitive advantage","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref025","first-page":"19","article-title":"Competitive intelligence and absorptive capacity for enhancing innovation performance of SMEs","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligence Studies In Business"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2013.01.001","article-title":"Social media competitive analysis and text mining: a case study in the pizza industry","volume":"33","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20152","article-title":"Model for organizational knowledge creation and strategic use of information","volume":"56","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1108\/00012530910932285","article-title":"Level of maturity of the competitive intelligence function. Case study of a retail bank in South Africa","volume":"61","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aslib Proceedings"},{"key":"key2022060904452991200_ref029","unstructured":"Herring, J.P. (2001), \u201cKey intelligence topics: a process to identify and define intelligence needs\u201d, in Prescott, J. and Miller, S.H. (Eds), Proven Strategies in Competitive Intelligence, John Wiley and Sons, pp.\u00a0240-256."},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1504\/IJVCM.2019.103268","article-title":"The future of competitive intelligence in an AI-enabled world","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Value Chain Management"},{"key":"key2022060904452991200_ref031","unstructured":"Isberg, C. (2010), \u201cCompetitive intelligence\u201d, in Strategic Business Development for Information Centers and Libraries, Book Series: Chandos Information Professional Series, pp.\u00a019-41."},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.22993","article-title":"The corporate information agency: do competitive intelligence practitioners utilize it?","volume":"65","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9310.1982.tb00478.x","article-title":"Investigating the not invented here (NIH) syndrome: a look at the performance, tenure, and communication patterns of 50 R&D project groups","volume":"12","year":"1982","journal-title":"R&D Management"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23146","article-title":"Patent overlay mapping: visualizing technological distance","volume":"65","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1108\/OIR-03-2015-0068","article-title":"Competitive intelligence in social media Twitter: iPhone 6 vs. Galaxy S5","volume":"40","year":"2016","journal-title":"Online Information Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/08956308.1992.11670793","article-title":"Japanese competitive intelligence for research-and-development","volume":"35","year":"1992","journal-title":"Research-Technology Management"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/6.223641","article-title":"Competitive intelligence","volume":"30","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"key":"key2022060904452991200_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2018.11.007","article-title":"How do hotels operationalize their competitive intelligence efforts into their management processes? Proposing a holistic model","volume":"83","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Hospitality Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2006.22527456","article-title":"The reification of absorptive capacity: a critical review and rejuvenation of the construct","volume":"31","year":"2006","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1080\/09537325.2019.1686136","article-title":"Understanding the intellectual structure and evolution of competitive intelligence: a bibliometric analysis from 1984 to 2017","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technology Analysis and Strategic Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.2.1.71","article-title":"Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning","volume":"2","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551504042806","article-title":"Dissemination of competitive intelligence","volume":"30","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Information Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1108\/AJIM-01-2018-0018","article-title":"Competitive intelligence failures an information behaviour lens to key intelligence and information needs","volume":"70","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aslib Journal of Information Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref044","article-title":"Exploring and understanding the causes of competitive intelligence failures: an information behaviour lens","volume":"23","year":"2018","journal-title":"Information Research \u2013 An International Electronic Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref045","first-page":"13","article-title":"The changing landscape of competitive intelligence, two critical issues investigated","volume":"4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Salus Journal"},{"key":"key2022060904452991200_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wpi.2017.08.008","article-title":"Claim-based patent indicators: a novel approach to analyze patent content and monitor technological advances","volume":"50","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Patent Information"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1108\/eb051487","article-title":"Organizing competitive intelligence activities in a corporate organization","volume":"50","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aslib Proceedings"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref048","first-page":"62","article-title":"Effect of competitive intelligence on innovation capability: an exploratory study in Mexican companies","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligence Studies in Business"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-4012(00)00004-9","article-title":"Targeting intelligence gathering in a dynamic competitive environment","volume":"20","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1108\/IJRDM-08-2018-0177","article-title":"Competitive intelligence practice in liquor retailing: evidence from a longitudinal case analysis","volume":"47","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1108\/00012530810888006","article-title":"Competitive intelligence: construct exploration, validation and equivalence","volume":"60","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aslib Proceedings"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su11061597","article-title":"Competitive intelligence and sustainable competitive advantage in the hotel industry","volume":"11","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref053","first-page":"135","article-title":"Patent search tools for competitive intelligence for product design and development of CBRN decon device","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"Desidoc Journal of Library and Information Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2013.10.006","article-title":"Current state of competitive intelligence in South Africa","volume":"34","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1108\/VJIKMS-06-2016-0035","article-title":"Strategic management model with lens of knowledge management and competitive intelligence: a review approach","volume":"47","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vine Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1108\/00012531011046925","article-title":"Competitive intelligence skills needed to enhance South Africa's competitiveness","volume":"62","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aslib Proceedings"},{"key":"key2022060904452991200_ref057","first-page":"1165","article-title":"Knowledge management and competitive intelligence: a synergy for organizational competitiveness in the K-economy","volume":"1 and 2","year":"2008","journal-title":"Innovation and Knowledge Management in Business Globalization: Theory and Practice"},{"key":"key2022060904452991200_ref058","first-page":"298","article-title":"CI and global oriented Chinese enterprises","volume-title":"Proceedings of International Conference on Technological Innovation and Competitive Technical Intelligence 2010","year":"2010"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref059","first-page":"996","article-title":"Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks: effects of network position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance","volume":"44","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref060","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a framework to explain causes of competitive intelligence failures","volume":"17","year":"2012","journal-title":"Information Research-An International Electronic Journal"},{"key":"key2022060904452991200_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102071","article-title":"Establishing competitive intelligence process elements in sport performance analysis and coaching: a comparative systematic literature review","volume":"52","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-006-0100-6","article-title":"Why are hyperlinks to business websites created? A content analysis","volume":"67","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"key2022060904452991200_ref063","first-page":"200","article-title":"Service mode of competitive technical intelligence based on KPO","volume-title":"Proceedings of International Conference on Technological Innovation and Competitive Technical Intelligence 2010","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-014-1342-3","article-title":"Identifying technological topics and institution-topic distribution probability for patent competitive intelligence analysis: a case study in LTE technology","volume":"101","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23664","article-title":"Measuring technological distance for patent mapping","volume":"68","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref066","first-page":"125","article-title":"Acquisition and strategic use of competitive intelligence","volume":"16","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref067","first-page":"175","article-title":"Competitive intelligence practices and firm performance","volume":"61","year":"2011","journal-title":"LIBRI"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref068","article-title":"Organizational strategy and competitive intelligence practices in Malaysian public listed companies","volume":"17","year":"2012","journal-title":"Information Research-An International Electronic Journal"},{"key":"key2022060904452991200_ref069","volume-title":"Case Study Research Design and Methods","year":"2014","edition":"5th ed."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-011-0383-0","article-title":"Identifying rapidly evolving technological rends for R&D planning using SAO-based semantic patent networks","volume":"88","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref071","first-page":"185","article-title":"Absorptive capacity: a review, reconceptualization and extension","volume":"27","year":"2002","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-014-1262-2","article-title":"How to combine term clumping and technology roadmapping for newly emerging science and technology competitive intelligence: \u2018problem and solution\u2019 pattern based semantic TRIZ tool and case study","volume":"101","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022060904452991200_ref073","first-page":"698","article-title":"From business intelligence to competitive intelligence: inferring competitive measures using augmented site-centric data","volume":"23","year":"2012","journal-title":"Information System Research"}],"container-title":["Aslib Journal of Information Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/AJIM-05-2021-0133\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/AJIM-05-2021-0133\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:00:46Z","timestamp":1753398046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ajim\/article\/74\/4\/631-649\/60631"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/AJIM-05-2021-0133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ajim-05-2021-0133","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-3806"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-3806","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]}}}