{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T19:45:44Z","timestamp":1759693544086,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\u2013 With an increase in the amount of multilingual content on the World Wide Web, users are often striving to access information provided in a language of which they are non-native speakers. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive study of user profile representation techniques and investigate their use in personalized cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) systems through the means of personalized query expansion.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\u2013 The user profiles consist of weighted terms computed by using frequency-based methods such as tf-idf and BM25, as well as various latent semantic models trained on monolingual documents and cross-lingual comparable documents. This paper also proposes an automatic evaluation method for comparing various user profile generation techniques and query expansion methods.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\u2013 Experimental results suggest that latent semantic-weighted user profile representation techniques are superior to frequency-based methods, and are particularly suitable for users with a sufficient amount of historical data. The study also confirmed that user profiles represented by latent semantic models trained on a cross-lingual level gained better performance than the models trained on a monolingual level.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\u2013 Previous studies on personalized information retrieval systems have primarily investigated user profiles and personalization strategies on a monolingual level. The effect of utilizing such monolingual profiles for personalized CLIR remains unclear. The current study fills the gap by a comprehensive study of user profile representation for personalized CLIR and a novel personalized CLIR evaluation methodology to ensure repeatable and controlled experiments can be conducted.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ajim-06-2015-0091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]],"date-time":"2016-06-30T04:38:33Z","timestamp":1467261513000},"page":"448-477","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A study of user profile representation for personalized cross-language information retrieval"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Dong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9amus","family":"Lawless","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianxun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"2025072816492883800_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agichtein, E.\n          , Brill, E. and Dumais, S. (2006), \u201cImproving web search ranking by incorporating user behavior information\u201d, in Efthimiadis, E.N., Dumais, S.T., Hawking, D. and J\u00e4rvelin, K. (Eds), Proceedings of the 29th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Seattle, WA, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 19-26.","DOI":"10.1145\/1148170.1148177"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072816492883800_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1145\/582415.582416","article-title":"Probabilistic models of information retrieval based on measuring the divergence from randomness","volume":"20","author":"","year":"2002","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b3","unstructured":"Ambati, V.\n           and Rohini, U. (2006), \u201cUsing monolingual clickthrough data to build cross-lingual search systems\u201d, in Gey, F.C., Kando, N., Lin, C.-Y. and Peters, C. (Eds),                   New Directions in Multilingual Information Access Workshop of SIGIR 2006, Seattle, WA                , ACM, New York, NY, pp. 28-35."},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azzopardi, L.\n          , de Rijke, M. and Balog, K. (2007), \u201cBuilding simulated queries for known-item topics: an analysis using six European languages\u201d, in Kraaij, W., de Vries, A.P., Clarke, C.L.A., Fuhr, N. and Kando, N. (Eds), Proceedings of the 30th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Amsterdam, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 455-462.","DOI":"10.1145\/1277741.1277820"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b5","unstructured":"Baeza-Yates, R.\n           and Ribeiro-Neto, B. (2011),                   Modern Information Retrieval: The Concepts and Technology Behind Search                , 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley Professional, NewYork, NY."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025072816492883800_b6","first-page":"993","article-title":"Latent Dirichlet allocation","volume":"3","author":"","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b7","unstructured":"Boyd-Graber, J.\n           and Blei, D.M. (2009), \u201cMultilingual topic models for unaligned text\u201d, Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, AUAI Press, Montreal, Corvallis, OR, pp. 75-82."},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brusilovsky, P.\n           and Mill\u00e1n, E. (2007), \u201cUser models for adaptive hypermedia and adaptive educational systems\u201d, in Brusilovsky, P., Kobsa, A. and Nejdl, W. (Eds),                   The Adaptive Web                , Springer Berlin\u2008Heidelberg, Berlin, pp. 3-53.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-72079-9_1"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, F.\n          , Liang, S. and de Rijke, M. (2014), \u201cPersonalized document re-ranking based on Bayesian probabilistic matrix factorization\u201d, in Geva, S., Trotman, A., Bruza, P., Clarke, C.L.A. and J\u00e4rvelin, K. (Eds), Proceedings of the 37th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Gold Coast, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 835-838.","DOI":"10.1145\/2600428.2609453"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, G.\n          , Gao, J., Nie, J.-Y. and Bai, J. (2007), \u201cExtending query translation to cross-language query expansion with Markov chain models\u201d, Proceedings of the Sixteenth ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Lisbon, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 351-360.","DOI":"10.1145\/1321440.1321491"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, G.\n          , Nie, J.-Y., Gao, J. and Robertson, S. (2008), \u201cSelecting good expansion terms for pseudo-relevance feedback\u201d, in Myaeng, S.-H., Oard, D.W., Sebastiani, F., Chua, T.-S. and Leong, M.-K. (Eds), Proceedings of the 31st Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Singapore, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 243-250.","DOI":"10.1145\/1390334.1390377"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025072816492883800_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2071389.2071390","article-title":"A survey of automatic query expansion in information retrieval","volume":"44","author":"","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chirita, P.-A.\n          , Firan, C.S. and Nejdl, W. (2007), \u201cPersonalized query expansion for the web\u201d, in Kraaij, W., de Vries, A.P., Clarke, C.L.A., Fuhr, N. and Kando, N. (Eds), Proceedings of the 30th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Amsterdam, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 7-14.","DOI":"10.1145\/1277741.1277746"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b14","unstructured":"Cimiano, P.\n          , Schultz, A., Sizov, S., Sorg, P. and Staab, S. (2009), \u201cExplicit versus latent concept models for cross-language information retrieval\u201d, in Boutilier, C. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 21st International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Pasadena, CA, AAAI Press, Palo Alto, CA, pp. 1513-1518."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072816492883800_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)00070-W","article-title":"User choices: a new yardstick for the evaluation of ranking algorithms for interactive query expansion","volume":"31","author":"","year":"1995","journal-title":"Information Processing & Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025072816492883800_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1961209.1961211","article-title":"Concept-based information retrieval using explicit semantic analysis","volume":"29","author":"","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, J.\n          , Nie, J.-Y., Xun, E., Zhang, J., Zhou, M. and Huang, C. (2001), \u201cImproving query translation for cross-language information retrieval using statistical models\u201d, in Croft, W.B., Harper, D.J., Kraft, D.H. and Zobel, J. (Eds), Proceedings of the 24th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, New Orleans, LA, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 96-104.","DOI":"10.1145\/383952.383966"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b18","unstructured":"Ghorab, M.R.\n          , Zhou, D., Lawless, S. and Wade, V. (2012), \u201cMultilingual user modeling for personalized re-ranking of multilingual web search results\u201d, in Herder, E., Yacef, K., Chen, L. and Weibelzahl, S. (Eds),                   CEUR Workshop Proceeding of UMAP 2012, Montreal                , Springer, Berlin, pp. 1-4."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072816492883800_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-012-9124-1","article-title":"Personalised information retrieval: survey and classification","volume":"23","author":"","year":"2013","journal-title":"User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghorab, M.R.\n          , Zhou, D., Steichen, B. and Wade, V. (2011), \u201cTowards multilingual user models for personalized multilingual information retrieval\u201d, in Agosti, M., De Luca, E.W., Lawless, S. and Leveling, J. (Eds), Proceedings of the First Workshop on Personalised Multilingual Hypertext Retrieval, Eindhoven, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 42-49.","DOI":"10.1145\/2047403.2047411"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gollins, T.\n           and Sanderson, M. (2001), \u201cImproving cross language retrieval with triangulated translation\u201d, in Croft, W.B., Harper, D.J., Kraft, D.H. and Zobel, J. (Eds), Proceedings of the 24th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, New Orleans, LA, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 90-95.","DOI":"10.1145\/383952.383965"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b22","unstructured":"Hsu, C.C.\n          , Li, Y.T., Chen, Y.W. and Wu, S.H. (2008), \u201cQuery expansion via link analysis of Wikipedia for CLIR\u201d, Proceedings of the 7th NTCIR Workshop Meeting on Evaluation of Information Access Technologies: Information Retrieval, Question Answering and Cross-Lingual Information Access, NII, Tokyo, pp. 125-131."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072816492883800_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1145\/582415.582418","article-title":"Cumulated gain-based evaluation of IR techniques","volume":"20","author":"","year":"2002","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b26","unstructured":"Lin, M.-C.\n          , Li, M.-X., Hsu, C.-C. and Wu, S.-H. (2010), \u201cQuery Expansion from Wikipedia and Topic Web Crawler on CLIR\u201d, Proceedings of the 8th NTCIR Workshop Meeting on Evaluation of Information Access Technologies: Information Retrieval, Question Answering and Cross-Lingual Information Access, NII, Tokyo, pp. 101-106."},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Littman, M.\n          , Dumais, S. and Landauer, T. (1998), \u201cAutomatic cross-language information retrieval using latent semantic indexing\u201d, in Grefenstette, G. (Ed.),                   Cross-Language Information Retrieval                , Springer, New York, NY, pp. 51-62.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5661-9_5"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y.\n          , Niculescu-Mizil, A. and Gryc, W. (2009), \u201cTopic-link LDA: joint models of topic and author community\u201d, in Danyluk, A.P., Bottou, L. and Littman, M.L. (Eds), Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference on Machine Learning, Montreal, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 665-672.","DOI":"10.1145\/1553374.1553460"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNamee, P.\n           and Mayfield, J. (2002), \u201cComparing cross-language query expansion techniques by degrading translation resources\u201d, in Beaulieu, M., Baeza-Yates, R. and Myaeng, S.H. (Eds), Proceedings of the 25th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Tampere, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 159-166.","DOI":"10.1145\/564376.564406"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"2025072816492883800_b28","first-page":"159","article-title":"Anatomy and empirical evaluation of an adaptive web-based information filtering system","volume":"14","author":"","year":"2004","journal-title":"User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mimno, D.\n          , Wallach, H.M., Naradowsky, J., Smith, D.A. and McCallum, A. (2009), \u201cPolylingual topic models\u201d, in Koehn, P. and Mihalcea, R. (Eds), Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Singapore, ACL, New York, NY, pp. 880-889.","DOI":"10.3115\/1699571.1699627"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, X.\n          , Sun, J.-T., Hu, J. and Chen, Z. (2011), \u201cCross lingual text classification by mining multilingual topics from Wikipedia\u201d, in King, I., Nejdl, W. and Li, H. (Eds), Proceedings of the Fourth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, Hong Kong, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 375-384.","DOI":"10.1145\/1935826.1935887"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b31","unstructured":"Nie, J.-Y.\n           (2010),                   Cross-Language Information Retrieval                , Morgan and Claypool Publishers, San Rafael, CA."},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oard, D.\n           (1998), \u201cA comparative study of query and document translation for cross-language information retrieval\u201d, in Farwell, D., Gerber, L. and Hovy, E. (Eds),                   Machine Translation and the Information Soup                , Springer Berlin\u2008Heidelberg, Berlin, pp. 472-483.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-49478-2_42"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz, M.E.\n           and Chin, P. (2010), \u201cUsers\u2019 image seeking behavior in a multilingual tag environment\u201d, in Peters, C., Caputo, B., Gonzalo, J., Jones, G.J.F., Kalpathy-Cramer, J., M\u00fcller, H. and Tsikrika, T. (Eds),                   Multilingual Information Access Evaluation II. Multimedia Experiments                , Springer Berlin\u2008Heidelberg, Berlin, pp. 37-44.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15751-6_5"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruthven, I.\n           (2003), \u201cRe-examining the potential effectiveness of interactive query expansion\u201d, in Callan, J., Hawking, D. and Smeaton, A. (Eds), Proceedings of the 26th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Toronto, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 213-220.","DOI":"10.1145\/860435.860475"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, X.\n          , Tan, B. and Zhai, C. (2005), \u201cImplicit user modeling for personalized search\u201d, in Herzog, O., Schek, H.-J., Fuhr, N., Chowdhury, A. and Teiken, W. (Eds), Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Bremen, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 824-831.","DOI":"10.1145\/1099554.1099747"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b36","unstructured":"Sorg, P.\n           and Cimiano, P. (2008), \u201cCross-lingual information retrieval with explicit semantic analysis\u201d, working notes for the CLEF 2008 Workshop, Aarhus."},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steichen, B.\n          , Ghorab, M.R., O\u2019Connor, A., Lawless, S. and Wade, V. (2014), \u201cTowards personalized multilingual information access \u2013 exploring the browsing and search behavior of multilingual users\u201d, in Dimitrova, V., Kuflik, T., Chin, D., Ricci, F., Dolog, P. and Houben, G-J. (Eds), Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization, Aalborg, Springer, Berlin, pp. 435-446.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08786-3_39"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teevan, J.\n          , Dumais, S.T. and Horvitz, E. (2005), \u201cPersonalizing search via automated analysis of interests and activities\u201d, in Baeza-Yates, R.A., Ziviani, N., Marchionini, G., Moffat, A. and Tait, J. (Eds), Proceedings of the 28th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Salvador, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 449-456.","DOI":"10.1145\/1076034.1076111"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teevan, J.\n          , Dumais, S.T. and Liebling, D.J. (2008), \u201cTo personalize or not to personalize: modeling queries with variation in user intent\u201d, in Myaeng, S.-H., Oard, D.W., Sebastiani, F., Chua, T.-S. and Leong, M.-K. (Eds), Proceedings of the 31st Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Singapore, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 163-170.","DOI":"10.1145\/1390334.1390364"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b40","unstructured":"Vassilakaki, E.\n          , Johnson, F., Hartley, R.J. and Randall, D. (2009), \u201cUsers\u2019 perceptions of searching in flickling\u201d, working notes for the CLEF 2009 Workshop, Corfu."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025072816492883800_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-014-9148-9","article-title":"An automatic methodology to evaluate personalized information retrieval systems","volume":"25","author":"","year":"2015","journal-title":"User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025072816492883800_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-012-9200-5","article-title":"Cross-language information retrieval models based on latent topic models trained with document-aligned comparable corpora","volume":"16","author":"","year":"2013","journal-title":"Information Retrieval"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.\n           and Blei, D.M. (2011), \u201cCollaborative topic modeling for recommending scientific articles\u201d, in Apt\u00e9, C., Ghosh, J. and Smyth, P. (Eds), Proceedings of the 17th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, San Diego, CA, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 448-456.","DOI":"10.1145\/2020408.2020480"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, X.\n           and Croft, W.B. (2006), \u201cLDA-based document models for ad-hoc retrieval\u201d, in Efthimiadis, E.N., Dumais, S.T., Hawking, D. and J\u00e4rvelin, K. (Eds), Proceedings of the 29th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Seattle, WA, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 178-185.","DOI":"10.1145\/1148170.1148204"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025072816492883800_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2006.06.005","article-title":"Examining the effectiveness of real-time query expansion","volume":"43","author":"","year":"2007","journal-title":"Information Processing & Management"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, R.W.\n          , Chu, W., Hassan, A., He, X., Song, Y. and Wang, H. (2013), \u201cEnhancing personalized search by mining and modeling task behavior\u201d, in Schwabe, D., Almeida, V.A.F., Glaser, H., Baeza-Yates, R.A. and Moon, S.B. (Eds), Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on World Wide Web, Rio de Janeiro, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 1411-1420.","DOI":"10.1145\/2488388.2488511"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S.\n          , Bao, S., Fei, B., Su, Z. and Yu, Y. (2008), \u201cExploring folksonomy for personalized search\u201d, in Myaeng, S.-H., Oard, D.W., Sebastiani, F., Chua, T.-S. and Leong, M.-K. (Eds), Proceedings of the 31st Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Singapore, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 155-162.","DOI":"10.1145\/1390334.1390363"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, B.\n           and Xing, E.P. (2006), \u201cBiTAM: bilingual topic AdMixture models for word alignment\u201d, in Calzolari, N., Cardie, C. and Isabelle, P. (Eds), Proceedings of the COLING\/ACL on Main Conference Poster Sessions, Sydney, ACL, New York, NY, pp. 969-976.","DOI":"10.3115\/1273073.1273197"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"2025072816492883800_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-012-9191-2","article-title":"Improving search via personalized query expansion using social media","volume":"15","author":"","year":"2012","journal-title":"Information Retrieval"},{"key":"2025072816492883800_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, D.\n          , Lawless, S., Min, J. and Wade, V. (2010), \u201cA late fusion approach to cross-lingual document re-ranking\u201d, in Huang, J., Koudas, N., Jones, G.J.F., Wu, X., Collins-Thompson, K. and An, A. (Eds), Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Toronto, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 1433-1436.","DOI":"10.1145\/1871437.1871640"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025072816492883800_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2379776.2379777","article-title":"Translation techniques in cross-language information retrieval","volume":"45","author":"","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM Compututing Surveys"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072816492883800_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/int.21641","article-title":"Iterative refinement methods for enhanced information retrieval","volume":"29","author":"","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems"}],"container-title":["Aslib Journal of Information Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/AJIM-06-2015-0091","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/AJIM-06-2015-0091\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ajim\/article-pdf\/68\/4\/448\/360166\/ajim-06-2015-0091.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ajim\/article-pdf\/68\/4\/448\/360166\/ajim-06-2015-0091.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T20:49:43Z","timestamp":1753735783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ajim\/article\/68\/4\/448\/60574\/A-study-of-user-profile-representation-for"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,18]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ajim-06-2015-0091","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-3806","2050-3814"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2050-3806"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2050-3814"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,18]]}}}