{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:56:25Z","timestamp":1780404985981,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,26]],"date-time":"2014-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,26]]},"abstract":"\n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 Business process management (BPM) is still mostly associated with methods and software tools for process modeling, automation and redesign\/performance analysis, with limited effort toward building and applying interdisciplinary approaches which capture the real complexity of business processes. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate a system view of BPM and presents an actionable body of knowledge to enhance process-related decisions and actions within organizations. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 A design science approach is used to build a conceptual contribution based on extended process management literature and a multi-year author experience in the area of business process engineering in both research and education contexts. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Findings<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 A business process management system includes strategy, model, execution and performance dimensions whereas the management of a process involves activities related to scope, structure, resource, systems, dependency, exception, performance and external integration. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The frameworks and related definitions need further theoretical development and refinement in terms of the components and reciprocal relations among system and activity elements. In this vein, the study would also benefit from real-life applications and empirical analysis. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The paper can support process implementation, maturity assessment and competence development efforts within organizations as well as be a foundational work to advance the creation of a global body of knowledge on process management. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The paper proposes a holistic perspective on BPM as a system of components and a bundle of activities, thus providing a twofold strategic and operational tool for process analysts and managers at different levels.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/bpmj-04-2013-0050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,31]],"date-time":"2014-07-31T09:24:20Z","timestamp":1406798660000},"page":"642-662","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Business process management system and activities"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Margherita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b2","unstructured":"Afuah, A.\n (2006), Business Models: a Strategic Management Approach, Irwin Professional Publications, Scarborough, ON."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguilar-Sav\u00e9n, R.S.\n (2004), \u201cBusiness process modelling: review and framework\u201d, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 90 No. 2, pp. 129-149.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5273(03)00102-6"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b4","unstructured":"American Society of Quality\n (2009), Six Sigma Black Belt Certification, ASQ Press, Milwakee, WI."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b1","unstructured":"Association of Business Process Management Professionals (ABPMP)\n (2009), Guide to the Business Process Management Common Body of Knowledge (BPM CBOK), CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, London."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandara, W.\n , \n Harmon, P.\n and \n Rosemann, M.\n (2011), \u201cProfessionalizing business process management: towards a common body of knowledge for BPM\u201d, Business Process Management Workshops \u2013 Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, Vol. 66, pp. 759-774.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20511-8_68"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b6","unstructured":"Becker, R.E.\n and \n Montgomery, L.E.\n (1995), \u201cA profession defined: association management's body of knowledge\u201d, Association Management, Vol. 47 No. 8, pp. 221-225."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benner, M.J.\n and \n Tushman, M.L.\n (2003), \u201cExploitation, exploration, and process management: the productivity dilemma revisited\u201d, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 238-256.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2003.9416096"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, C.L.\n and \n Ross, J.W.\n (2003), \u201cDesigning a process-based IT organization\u201d, Information Strategy: the Executive's Journal, Vol. 19 No. 4, pp. 35-41.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420031393.ch11"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b9","unstructured":"Chang, J.F.\n (2005), Business Process Management Systems: Strategy and Implementation, CRC Press, Boca, Raton, FL."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corallo, A.\n , \n Margherita, A.\n , \n Scalvenzi, M.\n and \n Storelli, D.\n (2010), \u201cBuilding a process-based organization: the design roadmap at Superjet International\u201d, Knowledge and Process Management, Vol. 17 No. 2, pp. 49-61.","DOI":"10.1002\/kpm.340"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b11","unstructured":"Crosetto, G.\n and \n Macazaga, J.\n (2005), The Process-Based Organization: a Natural Organization Strategy, HRD Press, Amherst, MA."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b12","unstructured":"Daft, R.L.\n (2006), Organization Theory and Design, Cengage South-Western, Andover, Hampshire."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b13","unstructured":"Davenport, T.H.\n (1993), Process Innovation: Reengineering Work through Information Technology, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b14","unstructured":"Davenport, T.H.\n (1995), Reengineering a Business Process, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davenport, T.H.\n and \n Stoddard, D.B.\n (1994), \u201cReengineering: business change of mythic proportions?\u201d, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 18 No. 2, pp. 121-127.","DOI":"10.2307\/249760"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denning, P.J.\n (1997), \u201cA new social contract for research\u201d, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 40 No. 2, pp. 132-134.","DOI":"10.1145\/253671.253755"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elbashir, M.Z.\n , \n Collier, P.A.\n and \n Davern, M.J.\n (2008), \u201cMeasuring the effects of business intelligence systems: the relationship between business process and organizational performance\u201d, International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, Vol. 9 No. 3, pp. 135-153.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accinf.2008.03.001"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b18","unstructured":"Fanning, F.\n and \n Camplin, J.C.\n (2008), \u201cBody of knowledge\u201d, Professional Safety, Vol. 53 No. 11, p. -."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b19","unstructured":"Gardner, R.A.\n (2004), The Process-Focused Organization, ASQ Press, Milwaukee, WI."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b20","unstructured":"Garretson, P.\n and \n Harmon, P.\n (2005), \u201cHow Boeing A&T manages business processes\u201d, BP Trends, November, pp. 1-13."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b21","unstructured":"Gartner\n (2009), \u201cImproving business processes\u201d, Gartner Executive Programs, pp. 1-7."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgakopoulos, D.\n , \n Hornick, M.\n and \n Sheth, A.\n (1995), \u201cAn overview of workflow management: from process modeling to workflow automation infrastructure\u201d, Distributed and Parallel Databases, Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 119-153.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01277643"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammer, M.\n and \n Champy, J.\n (1993), Reengineering the Corporation: a Manifesto for Business Revolution, Harper Business, New York, NY.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-6813(05)80064-3"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b24","unstructured":"Hammer, M.\n and \n Stanton, S.\n (1999), \u201cHow process enterprises really work\u201d, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 77 No. 6, pp. 108-118."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b25","unstructured":"Harmon, P.\n (2003), Business Process Change: a Manager's Guide to Improving, Redesigning, and Automating Processes, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b26","unstructured":"Harmon, P.\n (2007), Business Process Change. A Guide for Business Managers and BPM and Six Sigma Professionals, Morgan Kaufman Publishers, Amsterdam."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, N.R.\n (2009), \u201cUsing social network analysis to measure IT-enabled business process performance\u201d, Journal of Information Systems Management, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp. 61-76.","DOI":"10.1080\/10580530802557762"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b28","unstructured":"Hernaus, T.\n (2008a), \u201cGeneric process transformation model: transition to process-based organization\u201d, FEB Working Paper Series No. 08-07, University of Zaghreb, Zagreb, October."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernaus, T.\n (2008b), \u201cProcess-based organization design model: theoretical review and model conceptualization\u201d, FEB Working Paper Series No. 08-06, University of Zaghreb, Zagreb, October.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1719657"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hevner, A.R.\n and \n Chatterjee, S.\n (2010), Design Research in Information Systems, Springer, New York, NY.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-5653-8"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hevner, A.R.\n , \n March, S.T.\n , \n Park, J.\n and \n Ram, S.\n (2004), \u201cDesign science in information systems research\u201d, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 75-105.","DOI":"10.2307\/25148625"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b32","unstructured":"International Institute of Business Analysis\n (2009), A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge (BABOK), IIBA, Whitby, ON."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b33","unstructured":"International Society for Performance Improvement\n (2009), ISPI Human Performance Technology BoK Certified Performance Technologists (CPT), ISPI, Silver Spring, MD."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b34","unstructured":"Jennings, N.R.\n , \n Faratin, P.\n , \n Norman, T.J.\n and \n O'Brien, P.\n (2000), \u201cImplementing a business process management system using adept: a real-world case study applied\u201d, Artificial Intelligence: an International Journal, Vol. 14 No. 5, pp. 421-463."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b35","unstructured":"Kaplan, R.S.\n and \n Norton, D.P.\n (1992), \u201cThe balanced scorecard: measures that drive performance\u201d, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 70 No. 1, pp. 71-79."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kettinger, W.J.\n , \n Teng, J.T.C.\n and \n Guha, S.\n (1997), \u201cBusiness process change: a study of methodologies, techniques, and tools\u201d, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 21 No. 1, pp. 55-80.","DOI":"10.2307\/249742"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiraka, R.N.\n and \n Manning, K.\n (2005), \u201cManaging organisations through a process-based perspective: its challenges and benefits\u201d, Knowledge and Process Management, Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 288-298.","DOI":"10.1002\/kpm.238"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b38","unstructured":"Klein, M.\n , \n Herman, G.\n , \n Lee, J.\n , \n O'Donell, E.\n and \n Malone, T.\n (2003), \u201cInventing new business processes using a process repository\u201d, in \n Malone, T.W.\n , \n Herman, G.A.\n and \n Crowston, K.\n (Eds), Toward a Global Repository for Organizing Business Knowledge: The MIT Process Handbook, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 379-403."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margherita, A.\n and \n Petti, C.\n (2010), \u201cICT-enabled and process-based change: an integrative roadmap\u201d, Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 16 No. 3, pp. 473-491.","DOI":"10.1108\/14637151011049458"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margherita, M.\n , \n Klein, M.\n and \n Elia, G.\n (2007), \u201cMetrics-based process redesign with the MIT process handbook\u201d, Knowledge and Process Management , Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 46-57.","DOI":"10.1002\/kpm.269"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b41","unstructured":"Olding, E.\n (2007), Three Examples of BPM Worst Practices and How to Avoid Them (Gartner Research Note), Gartner, Stamford, CT."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b43","unstructured":"Peffers, K.\n , \n Tuunanen, T.\n , \n Gengler, C.E.\n , \n Rossi, M.\n , \n Hui, W.\n , \n Virtanen, V.\n and \n Bragge, J.\n (2006), \u201cThe design science research process: a model for producing and presenting information systems research\u201d, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST), pp. 83-106."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b44","unstructured":"Project Management Institute (PMI)\n (2008), A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PM BoK), PMI, Newtown Square, PA."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b45","unstructured":"Porter, M.E.\n (1985), Competitive Advantage, Free Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, S.L.\n and \n Treichler, C.\n (1998), \u201cA process-based view and its influence on strategic management\u201d, Knowledge and Process Management, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 58-63.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1441(199803)5:1<58::AID-KPM5>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaw, D.R.\n , \n Holland, C.P.\n , \n Kawalek, P.\n , \n Snowdon, B.\n and \n Warboys, B.\n (2007), \u201cElements of a business process management system: theory and practice\u201d, Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 91-107.","DOI":"10.1108\/14637150710721140"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b48","unstructured":"Simon, H.A.\n (1996), The Sciences of the Artificial, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b49","unstructured":"Smith, H.\n and \n Fingar, P.\n (2003), Business Process Management (BPM): the Third Wave, Meghan-Kiffer Press, Tampa, FL."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, W.\n , \n Shen, W.\n , \n Xu, L.\n , \n Zhou, B.\n and \n Li, L.\n (2008), \u201cA business process intelligence system for enterprise process performance management\u201d, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics \u2013 Part C: Applications and Reviews, Vol. 38 No. 6, pp. 745-756.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2008.2001571"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Aken, J.E.\n and \n Romme, A.G.L.\n (2009), \u201cReinventing the future: adding design science to the repertoire of organization and management studies\u201d, Organization Management Journal, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 5-12.","DOI":"10.1057\/omj.2009.1"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Aalst, W.M.P.\n (2013), \u201cBusiness process management: a comprehensive survey\u201d, ISRN Software Engineering, pp. 1-37.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/507984"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b52","unstructured":"van der Aalst, W.M.P.\n and \n van Hee, K.M.\n (2004), Workflow Management: Models, Methods, and Systems, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Aalst, W.M.P.\n , \n ter Hofstede, A.H.M.\n and \n Weske, M.\n (2003), \u201cBusiness process management: a survey\u201d, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Business Process Management, Vol. 2678 of LNCS, pp. 1-12.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44895-0_1"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanhaverbeke, W.\n and \n Torremans, H.\n (1999), \u201cOrganizational structure in process-based organisations\u201d, Knowledge and Process Management, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 41-52.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1441(199903)6:1<41::AID-KPM47>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b56","unstructured":"Venkatraman, N.\n (1994), \u201cIT-enabled business transformation: from automation to business scope redefinition\u201d, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 35 No. 2, pp. 72-87."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"vom Brocke, J.\n and \n Rosemann, M.\n (2010), Handbook on Business Process Management 1, Springer, Heidelberg.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00416-2"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wensley, A.\n (2003), \u201cBusiness process management revisited\u201d, Knowledge and Process Management, Vol. 10 No. 4, p. -.","DOI":"10.1002\/kpm.185"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b59","unstructured":"Weske, M.\n (2007), Business Process Management: Concepts, Languages, Architectures, Springer-Verlag, Berlin."},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wieringa, R.J.\n (2009), \u201cDesign science as nested problem solving\u201d, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology, Philadelphia, pp. 1-12.","DOI":"10.1145\/1555619.1555630"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winter, R.\n (2008), \u201cDesign science research in Europe\u201d, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 17, pp. 470-475.","DOI":"10.1057\/ejis.2008.44"},{"key":"key2020123001462950300_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zairi, M.\n and \n Sinclair, D.\n (1995), \u201cBusiness process re-engineering and process management: a survey of current practice and future trends in integrated management\u201d, Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 8-30.","DOI":"10.1108\/14637159510798248"}],"container-title":["Business Process Management Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/BPMJ-04-2013-0050","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/BPMJ-04-2013-0050\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/BPMJ-04-2013-0050\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:14:51Z","timestamp":1753398891000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/bpmj\/article\/20\/5\/642-662\/258455"}},"subtitle":["Two integrative definitions to build an operational body of knowledge"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,26]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/BPMJ-04-2013-0050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/bpmj-04-2013-0050","relation":{},"ISSN":["1463-7154"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1463-7154","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,26]]}}}