{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T08:24:31Z","timestamp":1778574271157,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]],"date-time":"2018-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530662400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BPMJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to investigate the ways in which the geographical distance between headquarters and subsidiaries moderates the relationship between cultural intelligence and the knowledge transfer process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>A sample of 103 senior expatriate managers working in Croatia from several European and non-European countries was used to test the hypotheses. Data were collected using questionnaires, while the methodology employed to test the relationship between the variables was partial least square. Furthermore, interaction-moderation effect was utilized to test the impact of geographical distance and, for testing control variables, partial least square multigroup analysis was used.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cultural intelligence plays a significant role in the knowledge transfer process performance. However, geographical distance has the power to moderate this relationship based on the direction of knowledge transfer. In conventional knowledge transfer, geographical distance has no significant impact. On the contrary, data have shown that, in reverse knowledge transfer, geographical distance has a moderately relevant effect. The authors supposed that these findings could be connected to the specific location of the knowledge produced by subsidiaries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multinational companies should take into consideration that the further away a subsidiary is from the headquarters, and the varying difference between cultures, cannot be completely mitigated by the ability of the manager to deal with cultural differences, namely cultural intelligence. Thus, multinational companies need to allocate resources to facilitate the knowledge transfer between subsidiaries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study stresses the importance of cultural intelligence in the knowledge transfer process, opening up a new stream of research inside these two areas of research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/bpmj-05-2017-0129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]],"date-time":"2018-07-04T05:48:50Z","timestamp":1530683330000},"page":"104-125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["The role of geographical distance on the relationship between cultural intelligence and knowledge transfer"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Davor","family":"Vlajcic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Marzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2498-182X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Caputo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Dabic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022113492894","article-title":"The culturally intelligent team: the impact of team cultural intelligence and cultural heterogeneity on team shared values","volume":"44","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref002","first-page":"198","article-title":"A comparison of Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Covariance Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM) for confirmatory factor analysis","volume":"2","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intman.2008.02.002","article-title":"The impact of distance on knowledge transfer effectiveness in multinational corporations","volume":"15","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of International Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibusrev.2006.01.002","article-title":"Learning from foreign subsidiaries: an empirical investigation of headquarters\u2019 benefits from reverse knowledge transfers","volume":"15","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Business Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwb.2015.08.017","article-title":"Technology, innovation and knowledge: the importance of ideas and international connectivity","volume":"51","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of World Business"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8784.2007.00082.x","article-title":"Cultural intelligence: its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance","volume":"3","year":"2007","journal-title":"Management and Organization Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-5805.2013.01055.x","article-title":"Unpacking dimensions of foreignness: firm-specific capabilities and international dispersion in regional, cultural, and institutional space","volume":"3","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global Strategy Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206311424316","article-title":"Knowledge transfer and accommodation effects in multinational corporations evidence from European subsidiaries","volume":"39","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1057\/jibs.2013.41","article-title":"The role of headquarters\u2013subsidiary geographic distance in strategic decisions by spatially disaggregated headquarters","volume":"44","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206313495411","article-title":"Why entrepreneurs often experience low, not high, levels of stress: the joint effects of selection and psychological capital","volume":"42","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1080\/0958519042000181269","article-title":"A knowledge transfer perspective of strategic assignment purposes and their path-dependent outcomes","volume":"15","year":"2004","journal-title":"The International Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref012","first-page":"67","article-title":"Reverse knowledge transfer: a comparison between subsidiaries of emerging markets and subsidiaries of developed markets","volume":"12","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iberoamerican Journal of Strategic Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1998.1255638","article-title":"Multinational subsidiary evolution: capability and charter change in foreign-owned subsidiary companies","volume":"23","year":"1998","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1108\/13673271311300723","article-title":"\u201cKnowledge transfer across dissimilar cultures","volume":"17","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/ncmr.12106","article-title":"Approaching negotiation at the organizational level","volume":"10","year":"2017","journal-title":"Negotiation and Conflict Management Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emj.2012.03.012","article-title":"The reverse transfer of innovation of foreign subsidiaries of Brazilian multinationals","volume":"30","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Management Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8490078","article-title":"Knowledge transfer in international acquisitions","volume":"30","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwb.2006.01.008","article-title":"Cultural awareness in knowledge transfer to China\u2014the role of guanxi and mianzi","volume":"41","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of World Business"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1057\/jibs.2013.52","article-title":"Many moving parts: factors influencing the effectiveness of HRM practices designed to improve knowledge transfer within MNCs","volume":"45","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.497","article-title":"MNE competence creating subsidiary mandates","volume":"26","year":"2005","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2016.04.004","article-title":"Overcoming judgmental biases in negotiations: a scenario-based survey analysis on third party direct intervention","volume":"69","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1108\/BPMJ-05-2015-0072","article-title":"The internet of things in manufacturing innovation processes: development and application of a conceptual framework","volume":"22","year":"2016","journal-title":"Business Process Management Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1108\/EBR-01-2016-0004","article-title":"Internationalisation of firms from Central and Eastern Europe: a systematic literature review","volume":"28","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Business Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2005.08.002","article-title":"Designing teams for speedy product development: the moderating effect of technological complexity","volume":"59","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref024","volume-title":"Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis","year":"1996","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1108\/BPMJ-11-2015-0161","article-title":"Competitive intelligence, knowledge management and coopetition: the case of european high-technology firms","volume":"22","year":"2016","journal-title":"Business Process Management Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/09585190701799804","article-title":"Cultural distance, expatriate staffing and subsidiary performance: the case of US subsidiaries of multinational corporations","volume":"19","year":"2008","journal-title":"The International Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwb.2006.01.011","article-title":"The influence of market and cultural environmental factors on technology transfer between foreign MNCs and local subsidiaries: a Croatian illustration","volume":"41","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of World Business"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02696577","article-title":"Explaining the international direct investment position of countries: towards a dynamic or developmental approach","volume":"117","year":"1981","journal-title":"Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref029","volume-title":"Cultural Intelligence: Individual Interactions Across Cultures","year":"2003"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.2307\/256678","article-title":"In the eyes of the beholder: an attributional approach to ingratiation and organizational citizenship behavior","volume":"37","year":"1994","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1108\/14637151111149465","article-title":"Understanding the determinants of business process modelling in organisations","volume":"17","year":"2011","journal-title":"Business Process Management Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwb.2008.11.001","article-title":"Senior expatriate leadership\u2019s effects on innovation and the role of cultural intelligence","volume":"44","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of World Business"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref032","unstructured":"Flaherty, J.E. (2008), \u201cThe effects of cultural intelligence on team member acceptance and integration in multinational teams\u201d, in Ang, S. and Van Dyne, L. (Eds), Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications, M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY, pp. 192-205."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0962-9262(92)90010-4","article-title":"Subsidiary influence and autonomy in international firms","volume":"1","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scandinavian International Business Review"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref035","unstructured":"Forsten-Astikainen, R. (2010), \u201cExternal knowledge transfer mechanisms in service business acquisition\u201d, doctoral dissertation, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta."},{"issue":"11","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref036","first-page":"80","article-title":"Tomorrow\u2019s global giants? Not the usual suspects","volume":"86","year":"2008","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8490388","article-title":"Creation, adoption and diffusion of innovations by subsidiaries of multinational corporations","volume":"19","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2015.05.003","article-title":"Acculturation and overseas assignments: a review and research agenda","volume":"49","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Intercultural Relations"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8490153","article-title":"International technology transfer in services","volume":"27","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1177\/1059601111415664","article-title":"Leader cultural intelligence in context: testing the moderating effects of team cultural diversity on leader and team performance","volume":"36","year":"2011","journal-title":"Group and Organization Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0266(200004)21:4<473::AID-SMJ84>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Knowledge flows within multinational corporations","volume":"21","year":"2000","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref042","volume-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective","year":"2010"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref045","first-page":"207","volume-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis","year":"1998"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref043","volume-title":"A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM)","year":"2016"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref044","volume-title":"A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling","year":"2017","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intman.2010.06.001","article-title":"The antecedents of psychic distance","volume":"16","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of International Management"},{"issue":"8\/9","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref047","first-page":"801","article-title":"How do multinational companies leverage technological competencies? Moving from single to interdependent explanations","volume":"25","year":"2004","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10490-006-7165-x","article-title":"Geographical distance and the role and management of subsidiaries: the case of subsidiaries down-under","volume":"23","year":"2006","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Management"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2016.04.142","article-title":"The mediating role of competitive strategy in international entrepreneurial orientation","volume":"69","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1109\/ICGSE.2006.261210","article-title":"Global software development challenges: a case study on temporal, geographical and socio-cultural distance","year":"2006"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref050","article-title":"Knowledge transfer between expatriates and host country nationals: a social capital perspective","year":"2012"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref051","volume-title":"A Study of Direct Foreign Investment","year":"1976"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8400205","article-title":"Cross-cultural competence in international business: toward a definition and a model","volume":"37","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/kpm.170","article-title":"Organization-internal transfer of knowledge and the role of motivation: a qualitative case study","volume":"10","year":"2003","journal-title":"Knowledge and Process Management"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref054","unstructured":"Kim, K., Kirkman, B. and Chen, G. (2008), \u201cCultural intelligence and international assignment effectiveness\u201d, in Ang, S. and Van Dyne, L. (Eds), Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications, M.R. Sharpe, Armonk, NY, pp. 71-90."},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref055","volume-title":"Principles and Practices of Structural Equation Modeling","year":"2011","edition":"3rd ed."},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8490394","article-title":"The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode","volume":"19","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8490058","article-title":"The drivers of foreign direct investment into research and development: an empirical investigation","volume":"30","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kusumoto, M. (2014), \u201cThe role of expatriates in cross-subsidiary collaboration\u201d, in Vazquez-Brust, D.A., Sarkis, J. and Cordeiro, J.J. (Eds), Collaboration for Sustainability and Innovation: A Role for Sustainability Driven by the Global South?, Springer, New York, NY, pp. 43-62.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7633-3_3"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1080\/09585191003783397","article-title":"The effects of cultural intelligence on expatriate performance: the moderating effects of international experience","volume":"21","year":"2010","journal-title":"The International Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270910962914","article-title":"Knowledge communication and translation: a knowledge transfer model","volume":"13","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwb.2016.05.001","article-title":"International strategic alliances and national culture: mapping the field and developing a research agenda","volume":"51","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of World Business"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/lbg016","article-title":"Evaluating the geographic concentration of industries using distance-based methods","volume":"3","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Geography"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-017-2500-1","article-title":"\u201cProduct and process innovation in manufacturing firms: a 30-year bibliometric analysis","volume":"113","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1086\/523291","article-title":"Social capital production in a virtual P3 community","volume":"34","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1504\/IJTM.2009.024954","article-title":"Reverse knowledge and technology transfer: imbalances caused by cognitive barriers in asymmetric relationships","volume":"48","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Technology Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8400056","article-title":"MNC knowledge transfer, subsidiary absorptive capacity, and HRM","volume":"34","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1108\/01425450410562236","article-title":"Knowledge transfer and expatriation in multinational corporations: the role of disseminative capacity","volume":"26","year":"2004","journal-title":"Employee Relations"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1075-4253(02)00050-9","article-title":"Knowledge management in multinational firms","volume":"8","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of International Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.2097","article-title":"Knowing when to leap: transitioning between exploitative and explorative R&D","volume":"35","year":"2014","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref070","first-page":"49","article-title":"Reverse knowledge transfer in MNEs: subsidiary innovativeness and entry modes","volume":"47","year":"2014","journal-title":"Long Range Planning"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11575-011-0097-9","article-title":"Mediating effects in reverse knowledge transfer processes","volume":"52","year":"2012","journal-title":"Management International Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwb.2013.02.004","article-title":"The interplay of networking activities and internal knowledge actions for subsidiary influence within MNCs","volume":"49","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of World Business"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref073","volume-title":"Applied Linear Models, Regression, Analysis of Variance and Experimental Designs","year":"1990"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref074","first-page":"248","article-title":"The assessment of reliability","volume":"3","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychometric Theory"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2006.05.003","article-title":"What is SMS advertising and why do multinationals adopt it? Answers from an empirical study in European markets","volume":"61","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1057\/jibs.2014.1","article-title":"Knowledge transfer in multinational corporations: productive and counterproductive effects of language-sensitive recruitment","volume":"45","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref077","volume-title":"Cultural Intelligence: A Guide to Working with People from Other Cultures","year":"2004"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/job.650","article-title":"Transformational and transactional leadership and innovative behavior: the moderating role of psychological empowerment","volume":"31","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1093\/icc\/dth030","article-title":"Corporate diversification, coherence and economic performance","volume":"13","year":"2004","journal-title":"Industrial and Corporate Change"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1108\/BPMJ-05-2015-0066","article-title":"Strategic orientation and information technological turbulence: contingency perspective in SMEs","volume":"22","year":"2016","journal-title":"Business Process Management Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwb.2013.02.005","article-title":"Strong or invisible hands?Managerial involvement in the knowledge sharing process of globally dispersed knowledge groups","volume":"49","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of World Business"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intman.2010.10.001","article-title":"Subsidiary roles and reverse knowledge transfer: an investigation of the effects of coordination mechanisms","volume":"17","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of International Management"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref083","unstructured":"Ringle, C.M., Wende, S. and Will, S. (2017), \u201cSmart PLS v. 3.2.6\u201d, SmartPLS, Hamburg, available at: www.smartpls.de (accessed February 18, 2017)."},{"issue":"8","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref084","first-page":"76","article-title":"Expatriate performance in international assignments: the role of cultural intelligence as dynamic intercultural competency","volume":"5","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Business and Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2008.11.003","article-title":"Multinational firms, global value chains and the organization of knowledge transfer","volume":"38","year":"2009","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref086","volume-title":"The Mathematical Theory of Communication","year":"1949"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8490982","article-title":"Cultural distance revisited: towards a more rigorous conceptualization and measurement of cultural differences","volume":"32","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1120.0776","article-title":"Egalitarianism, cultural distance, and foreign direct investment: a new approach","volume":"24","year":"2013","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1006\/obhd.2000.2884","article-title":"The process of knowledge transfer: a diachronic analysis of stickiness","volume":"82","year":"2000","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1060.0227","article-title":"Leveraging knowledge across geographic boundaries","volume":"18","year":"2007","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1177\/1059601105275293","article-title":"Motivational cultural intelligence, realistic job preview, realistic living conditions preview, and cross-cultural adjustment","volume":"31","year":"2006","journal-title":"Group & Organization Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1177\/1059601105275266","article-title":"Domain and development of cultural intelligence: the importance of mindfulness","volume":"31","year":"2006","journal-title":"Group and Organization Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1108\/BPMJ-09-2013-0131","article-title":"The effect of business process configurations on user motivation","volume":"21","year":"2015","journal-title":"Business Process Management Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1108\/BPMJ-12-2014-0120","article-title":"Towards the identification of important strategic priorities of the supply chain network: an empirical investigation","volume":"21","year":"2015","journal-title":"Business Process Management Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.2307\/20159612","article-title":"Fitting in: surface-and deeplevel culttiral differences and expatriates\u2019 adjustment","volume":"47","year":"2004","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref096","first-page":"815","article-title":"Inter- and intra-organizational knowledge transfer: a meta-analytic review and assessment of its antecedents and consequences","volume":"45","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Management Studies"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref098","unstructured":"Vlajcic, D. (2015), \u201cThe role of expatriate managers in multinational companies reverse knowledge transfer\u201d, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Economics and Business, Zagreb."},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1108\/JSM-09-2013-0251","article-title":"Value creation through knowledge management in franchising: a multi-level conceptual framework","volume":"28","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Services Marketing"},{"issue":"13","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2011.599956","article-title":"The impact of expatriate supporting practices and cultural intelligence on cross-cultural adjustment and performance of expatriates in Singapore","volume":"22","year":"2011","journal-title":"The International Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206308321546","article-title":"Conventional and reverse knowledge flows in multinational corporation","volume":"34","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibusrev.2003.06.002","article-title":"Centralization and autonomy: back to the future","volume":"13","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Business Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1057\/jibs.2011.43","article-title":"Distance without direction: restoring credibility to a much-loved construct","volume":"43","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2011.06.034","article-title":"How do brand communities generate brand relationships? Intermediate mechanisms","volume":"65","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.2008.00195.x","article-title":"Cultural intelligence and offshore outsourcing success: a framework of firm-level intercultural capability","volume":"39","year":"2008","journal-title":"Decision Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCMA-08-2012-0064","article-title":"A literature review of cognitive biases in negotiation processes","volume":"24","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Conflict Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref106","first-page":"39","article-title":"Transferring R&D knowledge: the key factors affecting knowledge transfer success","volume":"20","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering and Technology Management"},{"issue":"7\/8","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref107","first-page":"356","article-title":"Identifying key factors affecting transnational knowledge transfer","volume":"47","year":"2010","journal-title":"Information and Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.5465\/amle.2004.12436826","article-title":"The elusive cultural chameleon: cultural intelligence as a new approach to intercultural training for the global manager","volume":"3","year":"2004","journal-title":"Academy of Management Learning and Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S1075-4253(01)00054-0","article-title":"Transferring knowledge in MNCs: the role of sources of subsidiary knowledge and organizational context","volume":"8","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of International Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1108\/IJQRM-04-2012-0046","article-title":"Influence factors and process stages of knowledge transfer between NPD teams: a model for guiding practical improvements","volume":"31","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref111","unstructured":"Gelfand, M.J., Imai, L. and Fehr, R. (2008), \u201cThinking intelligently about cultural intelligence\u201d, in Ang, S. and Van Dyne, L. (Eds), Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications, M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY, pp. 375-388."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1057\/jibs.2014.37","article-title":"Barriers to knowledge seeking within MNC teams: which differences matter most?","volume":"46","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2753\/MTP1069-6679190202","article-title":"PLS-SEM: indeed a silver bullet","volume":"19","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00180-012-0317-1","article-title":"Goodness-of-fit indices for partial least squares path modeling","volume":"28","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computational Statistics"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1108\/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014","article-title":"The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing","volume":"20","year":"2009","journal-title":"Advances in International Marketing"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henseler, J., Ringle, C.M. and Sinkovics, R.R. (2009b), \u201cThe use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing\u201d, in Sinkovics, R.R. and Ghauri, P.N. (Eds), New Challenges to International Marketing, Advances in International Marketing, Vol. 20, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, New York, NY, pp. 277-319.","DOI":"10.1108\/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2010.02.001","article-title":"The culturally intelligent negotiator: the impact of Cultural Intelligence (CQ) on negotiation sequences and outcomes","volume":"112","year":"2010","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref118","first-page":"511","article-title":"\u201cFrom experience to experiential learning: cultural intelligence as a learning capability for global leader development","volume":"8","year":"2009","journal-title":"Academy of Management Learning and Education"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2011.01.008","article-title":"The impact of technological relatedness, prior ties, and geographical distance on university\u2013industry collaborations: a joint-patent analysis","volume":"31","year":"2011","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270710728231","article-title":"Actions to overcome knowledge transfer barriers in MNCs","volume":"11","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1108\/09696470710762646","article-title":"Sharing knowledge: contextualising sociotechnical thinking and practice","volume":"14","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Learning Organization"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref122","volume-title":"Cultural Intelligence: People Skills for Global Business","year":"2004"},{"key":"key2021041509505838600_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tihanyi, L., Swaminathan, A. and Soule, S.A. (2012), \u201cInternational subsidiary management and environmental constraints: the case for indigenization\u201d, in Tihany, L., Pedersen, T. and Devinney, T. (Eds), Institutional Theory in International Business and Management, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, New York, NY, pp. 373-397.","DOI":"10.1108\/S1571-5027(2012)0000025021"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref124","first-page":"284","article-title":"The partial least squares approach to causal modeling: personal computer adoption and uses as an illustration","volume":"2","year":"1995","journal-title":"Technology Studies: Special Issue on Research Methodology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/1059601105275253","article-title":"Cultural intelligence in organizations","volume":"31","year":"2006","journal-title":"Group and Organization Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041509505838600_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2009.10.001","article-title":"Knowledge sharing: a review and directions for future research","volume":"20","year":"2010","journal-title":"Human Resource Management Review"}],"container-title":["Business Process Management Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/BPMJ-05-2017-0129\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/BPMJ-05-2017-0129\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:15:07Z","timestamp":1753398907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/bpmj\/article\/25\/1\/104-125\/257605"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/BPMJ-05-2017-0129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/bpmj-05-2017-0129","relation":{},"ISSN":["1463-7154"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1463-7154","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]]}}}