{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:12:22Z","timestamp":1773706342300,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,6]],"date-time":"2017-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BPMJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This work provides new insights into possible managerial choices and development directions for practising open innovation (OI) in companies. The purpose of this paper is to explore the different practices, actors and tools adopted for opening up the innovation process, in particular, by small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that are still facing difficulties in its implementation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper is based on a literature review and an exploratory survey of a sample of 85 European SMEs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study identifies a total of 23 practices, 20 actors and 11 tools involved in the OI processes of companies. It highlights, through literature and empirical evidence, how different combinations of practices, actors and tools are put into practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The developed framework offers new insights both from OI literature and from practitioners\u2019 point of view into the supporting decision-making processes regarding which practices to implement, tools to adopt and actors to collaborate with. A wider investigation is recommended to include more variables to define the differences among the combinations of practices, actors and tools in terms of types of innovation (e.g. product, process, etc.), the openness degree and other contextual factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The originality of this paper is based on the fact that it focusses on a practical perspective of OI implementation, building a framework of reference from previous literature and empirical investigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/bpmj-10-2016-0219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,25]],"date-time":"2017-09-25T07:17:39Z","timestamp":1506323859000},"page":"1311-1336","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Practising open innovation: a framework of reference"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Battistella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alberto Felice","family":"De Toni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Pessot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2013.01.009","article-title":"The collaboration behaviors of scientists in Italy: a field level analysis","volume":"7","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-013-1185-3","article-title":"Variation in research collaboration patterns across academic ranks","volume":"98","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2010.0146","article-title":"Crowdsourcing as a solution to distant search","volume":"37","year":"2012","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2013.12.009","article-title":"Open innovation requires integrated competition-community ecosystems: lessons learned from civic open innovation","volume":"57","year":"2014","journal-title":"Business Horizons"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10257-012-0208-6","article-title":"A mechanism for supporting collective innovation: the open contract-based challenge","volume":"11","year":"2013","journal-title":"Information Systems and e-Business Management"},{"key":"key2020120422171920300_ref006","first-page":"561","article-title":"Licensing in outbound open innovation: literature review","year":"2014"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1080\/13662716.2013.849455","article-title":"Open strategies and innovation performance","volume":"20","year":"2013","journal-title":"Industry and Innovation"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.5172\/impp.2012.14.4.557","article-title":"Open innovation web-based platforms: the impact of different forms of motivation on collaboration","volume":"14","year":"2012","journal-title":"Innovation: Management, Policy and Practice"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-015-9418-7","article-title":"Inter-organisational technology\/knowledge transfer: a framework from critical literature review","volume":"41","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Technology Transfer"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-03-2013-0180","article-title":"Different practices for open innovation: a context-based approach","volume":"17","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2010.03.002","article-title":"Organizational modes for open innovation in the bio-pharmaceutical industry: an exploratory analysis","volume":"31","year":"2011","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1937-5956.2012.01367.x","article-title":"Leveraging open innovation using intermediary networks","volume":"22","year":"2013","journal-title":"Production and Operations Management"},{"key":"key2020120422171920300_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogers, M., Bekkers, R. and Granstrand, O. (2012), \u201cIntellectual property and licensing strategies in open collaborative innovation\u201d, in de Pablos Heredero, C. and L\u00f3pez, D. (Eds), Open Innovation at Firms and Public Administrations: Technologies for Value Creation, IGI Global, Hershey, PA, pp. 37-58.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-61350-341-6.ch003"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref014","first-page":"69","article-title":"How to manage outside innovation","volume":"50","year":"2009","journal-title":"MIT Sloan Management Review"},{"key":"key2020120422171920300_ref015","volume-title":"Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development","year":"1998"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/135910457000100301","article-title":"Back-translation for cross-cultural research","volume":"1","year":"1970","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1504\/IJTIP.2012.047374","article-title":"\u2018Exploration\u2019 in the open innovation front-end: the role of technologies","volume":"8","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Technology Intelligence and Planning"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2013.11.007","article-title":"Neither invented nor shared here: the impact and management of attitudes for the adoption of open innovation practices","volume":"34","year":"2014","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"key":"key2020120422171920300_ref019","volume-title":"Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology","year":"2003"},{"key":"key2020120422171920300_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chesbrough, H. (2006), \u201cOpen innovation: a new paradigm for understanding industrial innovation\u201d, in Chesbrough, H., Vanhaverbeke, W. and West, J. (Eds), Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 1-12.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199290727.003.0001"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.5437\/08956308X5504085","article-title":"Open innovation: where we\u2019ve been and where we\u2019re going","volume":"55","year":"2012","journal-title":"Research Technology Management"},{"key":"key2020120422171920300_ref022","unstructured":"Chesbrough, H. and Bogers, M. (2014), \u201cExplicating open innovation: clarifying an emerging paradigm for understanding innovation\u201d, in Chesbrough, H., Vanhaverbeke, W. and West, J. (Eds), New Frontiers in Open Innovation, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 3-28."},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref023","first-page":"16","article-title":"A fad or a phenomenon? The adoption of open innovation practices in large firms","volume":"57","year":"2014","journal-title":"Research-Technology Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9310.2006.00428.x","article-title":"Beyond high-tech: early adopters of open innovation in other industries","volume":"36","year":"2006","journal-title":"R&D Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9310.2010.00589.x","article-title":"Unravelling the process from closed to open innovation: evidence from mature, asset-intensive industries","volume":"40","year":"2010","journal-title":"R&D Management"},{"key":"key2020120422171920300_ref026","volume-title":"Open Innovation Choices \u2013 What is British Enterprise Doing?","year":"2011"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2010.01.013","article-title":"How open is innovation?","volume":"39","year":"2010","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"key2020120422171920300_ref028","first-page":"63","article-title":"Beyond open innovation: leveraging social capital","year":"2008"},{"key":"key2020120422171920300_ref029","volume-title":"Open Innovation in Global Networks","year":"2008"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref030","first-page":"13","article-title":"Primer on \u2018open innovation:\u2019 principles and practice","volume":"30","year":"2006","journal-title":"PDMA Visions"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9310.2006.00429.x","article-title":"The role of technology in the shift towards open innovation: the case of Procter & Gamble","volume":"36","year":"2006","journal-title":"R&D Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1108\/14601061111174907","article-title":"Separating the wheat from the chaff \u2013 a taxonomy of open innovation","volume":"14","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Innovation Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1108\/14601060910974219","article-title":"Exploring the field of open innovation","volume":"12","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Innovation Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9310.2009.00570.x","article-title":"Open R&D and open innovation: exploring the phenomenon","volume":"39","year":"2009","journal-title":"R&D Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref035","first-page":"12","article-title":"Measuring open innovation \u2013 a toolkit for successful innovation teams","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"Performance"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/160940690600500107","article-title":"Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: a hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development","volume":"5","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Qualitative Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9310.2006.00437.x","article-title":"Opening up the innovation process: towards an agenda","volume":"36","year":"2006","journal-title":"R&D Management"},{"key":"key2020120422171920300_ref038","unstructured":"Gassmann, O. and Enkel, E. (2004), \u201cTowards a theory of open innovation: three core process archetypes\u201d, paper presented at the 2004 R&D Management Conference, Lisbon, 6-9 July, available at: www.alexandria.unisg.ch\/EXPORT\/DL\/20417.%20pdf (accessed 24 July 2015)."},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9310.2010.00605.x","article-title":"The future of open innovation","volume":"40","year":"2010","journal-title":"R&D Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1142\/S1363919610002775","article-title":"Advancing a typology of open innovation","volume":"14","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Innovation Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1142\/S1363919611003465","article-title":"Turning open innovation into practice: open innovation research through the lens of managers","volume":"15","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Innovation Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref042","first-page":"162","article-title":"Implications of openness: a study into (all) the growing literature on open innovation","volume":"5","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Technology Management and Innovation"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1108\/EJIM-07-2013-0074","article-title":"Open innovation actions and innovation performance: a literature review of European empirical evidence","volume":"18","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Journal of Innovation Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9310.2008.00503.x","article-title":"Innovation management techniques and tools: a review from theory and practice","volume":"38","year":"2008","journal-title":"R&D Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2010.10.002","article-title":"Open innovation: state of the art and future perspectives","volume":"31","year":"2011","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref046","first-page":"58","article-title":"Connect and develop: inside Procter & Gamble\u2019s new model for innovation","volume":"84","year":"2006","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/08956308.2010.11657630","article-title":"How innovation management techniques support an open innovation strategy","volume":"53","year":"2010","journal-title":"Research-Technology Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9310.2009.00563.x","article-title":"Determinants and archetype users of open innovation","volume":"39","year":"2009","journal-title":"R&D Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/08956308.2005.11657321","article-title":"Open innovation in practice","volume":"48","year":"2005","journal-title":"Research Technology Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-015-1628-0","article-title":"Exploring the scope of open innovation: a bibliometric review of a decade of research","volume":"104","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1108\/14601061111174916","article-title":"Strategic application of outbound open innovation","volume":"14","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Innovation Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.507","article-title":"Open for innovation: the role of openness in explaining innovation performance among UK manufacturing firms","volume":"27","year":"2006","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1142\/S1363919609002443","article-title":"Different modes of open innovation: a theoretical framework and an empirical study","volume":"13","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Innovation Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1108\/13683041011093721","article-title":"Open innovation models adopted in practice: an extensive study in Italy","volume":"14","year":"2010","journal-title":"Measuring Business Excellence"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2009.12.009","article-title":"Open innovation in SMEs \u2013 an intermediated network model","volume":"39","year":"2010","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"key2020120422171920300_ref056","unstructured":"Little, A.D. (2014), \u201cGlobal open innovation survey 2014\u201d, available at: www.adlittle.com\/fileadmin\/editorial\/microsite\/openinnovation\/2014-Global_Open_Innovation_survey-English_version-vf.pdf (accessed 10 March 2014)."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2010.08.002","article-title":"Co-operation and co-opetition as open innovation practices in the service sector: which influence on innovation novelty?","volume":"31","year":"2011","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2013.07.004","article-title":"Open service innovation and the firm\u2019s search for external knowledge","volume":"43","year":"2014","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"10-11","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2011.05.002","article-title":"How do large multinational companies implement open innovation?","volume":"31","year":"2011","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"key":"key2020120422171920300_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00f6slein, K.M. and Bansemir, B. (2011), \u201cStrategic open innovation: basics, actors, tools and tensions\u201d, in H\u00fclsmann, M. and Pfeffermann, N. (Eds), Strategies and Communications for Innovations. An Integrative Management View for Companies and Networks, Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg, pp. 11-23.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-17223-6_2"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref061","first-page":"109","article-title":"A buyer\u2019s guide to the innovation bazaar","volume":"85","year":"2007","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2013.11.005","article-title":"A literature review on markets for ideas: emerging characteristics and unanswered questions","volume":"34","year":"2014","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.5897\/AJBM2014.7365","article-title":"The next frontier: open innovation and prospecting of knowledge in highly complex environments \u2013 towards value creation in high tech industries","volume":"8","year":"2014","journal-title":"African Journal of Business Management"},{"key":"key2020120422171920300_ref064","unstructured":"Piller, F. and West, J. (2014), \u201cFirms, users, and innovation: an interactive model of coupled open innovation\u201d, in Chesbrough, H., Vanhaverbeke, W. and West, J. (Eds), New Frontiers in Open Innovation, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 29-49."},{"issue":"12","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref065","first-page":"78","article-title":"Which kind of collaboration is right for you?","volume":"86","year":"2008","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-627X.2011.00331.x","article-title":"The importance of proximity for the start-ups\u2019 knowledge acquisition and exploitation","volume":"49","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Small Business Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/caim.12028","article-title":"Open innovation and firm performance: the mediating role of social capital","volume":"22","year":"2013","journal-title":"Creativity and Innovation Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref068","first-page":"173","article-title":"Structuring of the open innovation field","volume":"8","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Technology Management and Innovation"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9310.2009.00568.x","article-title":"Opening up for competitive advantage \u2013 how Deutsche Telekom creates an open innovation ecosystem","volume":"39","year":"2009","journal-title":"R&D Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11301-012-0084-7","article-title":"A critical review of empirical research on open innovation adoption","volume":"62","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal f\u00fcr Betriebswirtschaft"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1504\/IJPD.2011.038867","article-title":"Free revealing in open innovation: a comparison of different models and their benefits for companies","volume":"13","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Product Development"},{"key":"key2020120422171920300_ref072","unstructured":"Simard, C. and West, J. (2006), \u201cKnowledge networks and the geographic locus of innovation\u201d, in Chesbrough, H., Vanhaverbeke, W. and West, J. (Eds), Open Innovation: Researching A New Paradigm, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 220-240."},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-012-9453-9","article-title":"Open innovation practices in SMEs and large enterprises","volume":"41","year":"2013","journal-title":"Small Business Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.24867\/IJIEM-2012-4-129","article-title":"Engaging mass customization customers beyond product configuration: opportunities from the open innovation field","volume":"3","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242612458517","article-title":"Extending open innovation throughout the value chain by small and medium-sized manufacturers","volume":"31","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Small Business Journal"},{"issue":"6-7","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2008.10.001","article-title":"Open innovation in SMEs: trends, motives and management challenges","volume":"29","year":"2009","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.32.7.791","article-title":"Lead users: a source of novel product concepts","volume":"32","year":"1986","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"key2020120422171920300_ref078","volume-title":"The Sources of Innovation","year":"1988"},{"key":"key2020120422171920300_ref079","first-page":"608","article-title":"Collective innovation: a literature review","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1111\/jpim.12125","article-title":"Leveraging external sources of innovation: a review of research on open innovation","volume":"31","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Product Innovation Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/13662710802033734","article-title":"Getting clear about communities in open innovation","volume":"15","year":"2008","journal-title":"Industry and Innovation"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2014.03.001","article-title":"Open innovation: the next decade","volume":"43","year":"2014","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242612472214","article-title":"Open innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises: an overview","volume":"31","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Small Business Journal"},{"key":"key2020120422171920300_ref084","first-page":"558","article-title":"Open innovation: literature review and outlook","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iimb.2013.02.002","article-title":"Exploring innovation through open networks: a review and initial research questions","volume":"25","year":"2013","journal-title":"IIMB Management Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120422171920300_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10799-015-0231-7","article-title":"Research on open innovation performance: a review","volume":"17","year":"2016","journal-title":"Information Technology and Management"},{"key":"key2020120422171920300_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wpi.2013.12.002","article-title":"Why do firms give away their patents for free?","volume":"37","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Patent Information"}],"container-title":["Business Process Management Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/BPMJ-10-2016-0219\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/BPMJ-10-2016-0219\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:16:14Z","timestamp":1753398974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/bpmj\/article\/23\/6\/1311-1336\/256604"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,6]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/BPMJ-10-2016-0219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/bpmj-10-2016-0219","relation":{},"ISSN":["1463-7154"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1463-7154","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,6]]}}}