{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T17:40:42Z","timestamp":1770831642637,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,3]],"date-time":"2017-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BPMJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many firms engage in co-opetitive projects during which they have simultaneously competitive and collaborative relationships with many rivals in a complex network. A co-opetitive network offers them access to a large volume of resources and knowledge, for example, to support new markets and\/or territories. So, does the network grow with the scope of the co-opetition project? The paper aims to discuss this issue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>An empirical study of 106 French boating intermediate-sized enterprises (ETIs) and small and medium enterprises provides a descriptive and explanatory analysis of co-opetitive networks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results support this definition of a complex co-opetitive network only when the objectives of a firm are part of the geographical expansion of its activities. In contrast, these relations remain simple (dyadic) when a firm favours a strategy of diversifying its activities while maintaining its unique local geographical market.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>First, the work is based on a quantitative methodology, so is static. It would be interesting to analyze the process of the building of co-opetitive relationships and opportunism between rival firms, for example, through a qualitative study. Second, this work focusses on boating companies in France. It may be appropriate to consider the sanctions placed on the opportunism of foreign firms in co-opetition. Third, future work could increase understanding, not only of the nature of reprisals inflicted on individualistic co-opetitors, but also on the structure, objectives and results of these reprisals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study deepens our knowledge of the definition, composition and determinants of co-opetitive networks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/bpmj-12-2015-0187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]],"date-time":"2017-01-11T09:06:57Z","timestamp":1484125617000},"page":"176-195","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The complexity of co-opetitive networks"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jean S\u00e9bastien","family":"Lacam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Salvetat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120902333736700_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.59876\/a-3rzh-qdan","article-title":"Le r\u00e9seau d\u2019entreprises: vers une synth\u00e8se des connaissances","volume":"7","year":"2003","journal-title":"Management International"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120902333736700_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0266(199903)20:3<251::AID-SMJ23>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Dynamics of dyadic competitive interaction","volume":"20","year":"1999","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2020120902333736700_ref003","first-page":"1237","article-title":"Heterogeneity in R&D cooperation strategies","volume":"22","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Industrial Organization"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120902333736700_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-8501(99)00067-X","article-title":"Co-opetition in business networks \u2013 to cooperate and compete simultaneously","volume":"29","year":"2000","journal-title":"Industrial Marketing Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120902333736700_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indmarman.2014.02.015","article-title":"Co-opetition \u2013 Quo vadis? 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