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Extended experiments with seven document test collections show that the ga can often find weights that are slightly superior to those produced by the deterministic weighting scheme. That said, there are many cases where the two approaches give the same results, and a few cases where the F4 weights are superior to the ga weights. Since the ga has been designed to identify weights yielding the best possible level of retrospective performance, these results indicate that the F4 weights provide an excellent and practicable alternative. Evidence is presented to suggest that negative weights may play an important role in retrospective relevance weighting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,19]],"date-time":"2008-01-19T07:22:54Z","timestamp":1200727374000},"page":"405-420","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["AN UPPERBOUND TO THE PERFORMANCE OF RANKED\u2010OUTPUT SEARCHING: OPTIMAL WEIGHTING OF QUERY TERMS USING A GENETIC ALGORITHM"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"ALEXANDER M.","family":"ROBERTSON","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"PETER","family":"WILLETT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"volume-title":"The SMART retrieval system: experiments in automatic document processing","year":"1971","author":"SALTON G.","key":"p_1"},{"volume-title":"Information retrieval: data structures and algorithms","year":"1992","author":"FRAKES W.B.","key":"p_2"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_3","first-page":"33","volume":"77","author":"PRITCHARD-SCHOCH T","year":"1993","journal-title":"Online"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_4","first-page":"31","volume":"18","author":"TENOPIR C","year":"1994","journal-title":"Online"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026526"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0271(73)90043-0"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026683"},{"key":"p_8","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"CROFT W.B","year":"1983","journal-title":"Information Technology: Research and Development"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026792"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(88)90021-0"},{"key":"p_11","first-page":"232","volume-title":"eds. 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