{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T08:35:37Z","timestamp":1769243737377,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]],"date-time":"2017-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496620800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EL"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This paper aims to understand user information behaviours when they perform multilingual information retrieval. It also offers reference for the development of multilingual information retrieval systems and relevant service platforms.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors designed an experiment on multilingual information retrieval with WorldWideScience, utilized Camtasia studio7 (a screen capturing and recording tool) to record overall operational processes of subjects and collected participants\u2019 thought processes with think-aloud protocols. Meanwhile, a questionnaire survey and interviews were used to examine the subjects\u2019 background information, their feelings for the experiment and their ideas about the experimental platform, respectively. Thirty-two valid data points were obtained by 41 subjects.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The users preferred their own language for retrieval. Most users from social science chose general search or advanced search freely according to the tasks. The majority of the participants selected key words directly from the tasks as search terms. Doctoral candidates were more likely to construct a search query with logic symbols. Translation tools were utilized for assisting retrieval and solving doubts of translation. When facing obstacles, users stayed on the original web page to explore continually, followed by back to homepage.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This paper provides a study of user behaviour through investigating how users behave on the whole process of retrieving multilingual information. The findings offer advice for optimizing the function of multilingual information retrieval systems and service platforms.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/el-01-2016-0004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,5]],"date-time":"2017-05-05T09:44:16Z","timestamp":1493977456000},"page":"410-426","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["An empirical analysis of user behaviour on multilingual information retrieval"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Si","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiuyu","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaozhe","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020120708145922500_ref001","unstructured":"Bunz, U.K. (2001), \u201cUsability and gratifications-towards a website analysis model\u201d, paper presented at the 87th Annual Conference of the National Communication Association, November, Atlanta, GA, available at: http:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ED458656.pdf (accessed 6 January 2016)."},{"key":"key2020120708145922500_ref002","unstructured":"Cristea, F., Alexa, V. and Iftene, A. (2009), \u201cUAIC at iCLEF 2009: analysis of logs of multilingual image searches in Flickr\u201d, paper presented at the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, Corfu 30 September-2 October, available at: http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-1175\/CLEF2009wn-iCLEF-CristeaEt2009.pdf (accessed 1 June 2016)."},{"key":"key2020120708145922500_ref003","first-page":"15","article-title":"A framework for cross-language search personalization","volume-title":"Semantic Media Adaptation and Personalization in San Sebastian, Spain","year":"2009"},{"key":"key2020120708145922500_ref004","first-page":"518","article-title":"Identifying common user behavior in multilingual search logs","volume-title":"Multilingual Information Access Evaluation I: Text Retrieval Experiments in Corfu, Greece","year":"2010"},{"key":"key2020120708145922500_ref005","volume-title":"Think-aloud Protocols","year":"2008"},{"key":"key2020120708145922500_ref006","first-page":"400","article-title":"Comparing user-assisted and automatic query translation","volume-title":"Advances in Cross-language Information Retrieval in Rome, Italy","year":"2003"},{"key":"key2020120708145922500_ref007","unstructured":"Hong, W. (2011), \u201cA descriptive user study of bilingual information seekers searching for online information to complete four tasks\u201d, available at: http:\/\/d-scholarship.pitt.edu\/10815\/ (accessed 6 January 2016)."},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120708145922500_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-007-9116-0","article-title":"Examining the \u2018point of frustration\u2019: the think-aloud method applied to online search tasks","volume":"43","year":"2009","journal-title":"Quality & Quantity"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120708145922500_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1108\/LHT-06-2013-0067","article-title":"Image retrieval behaviours: users are leading the way to a new bilingual search interface","volume":"32","year":"2014","journal-title":"Library Hi Tech"},{"key":"key2020120708145922500_ref010","first-page":"29","article-title":"User behaviour and lexical ambiguity in cross-language image retrieval","volume-title":"Multilingual Information Access Evaluation II: Multimedia Experiments in Corfu, Greece","year":"2010"},{"key":"key2020120708145922500_ref011","first-page":"21","article-title":"Analysis of multilingual image search logs: users\u2019 behavior and search strategies","volume-title":"Multilingual Information Access Evaluation II. Multimedia Experiments in Corfu, Greece","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120708145922500_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1108\/02640471211221331","article-title":"Analysing user\u2019s queries for cross-language image retrieval from digital library collections","volume":"30","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Electronic Library"},{"key":"key2020120708145922500_ref013","unstructured":"Pimienta, D., Prado, D. and Blanco, \u00c1. (2009), \u201cTwelve years of measuring linguistic diversity in the internet: balance and perspectives\u201d, available at: www.unesco.org\/new\/en\/communication-and-information\/access-to-knowledge\/linguistic-diversity-and-multilingualism-on-internet\/measuring-linguistic-diversity-on-internet\/ (accessed 7 January 2016)."},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120708145922500_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-015-9255-1","article-title":"Multilingual information retrieval in the language modeling framework","volume":"18","year":"2015","journal-title":"Information Retrieval"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120708145922500_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lisr.2005.01.006","article-title":"Web searching across languages: preference and behavior of bilingual academic users in Korea","volume":"27","year":"2005","journal-title":"Library & Information Science Research"},{"key":"key2020120708145922500_ref016","first-page":"37","article-title":"Users\u2019 image seeking behavior in a multilingual tag environment","volume-title":"Multilingual Information Access Evaluation II: Multimedia Experiments in Corfu, Greece","year":"2010"},{"key":"key2020120708145922500_ref017","unstructured":"Vassilakaki, E., Johnson, F., Hartley, R.J. and Randall, D. (2009), \u201cUsers\u2019 perceptions of searching in FlickLing\u201d, paper presented at the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, Corfu, 30 September-2 October, available at: http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-1175\/CLEF2009wn-iCLEF-VassilakakiEt2009.pdf (accessed 1 June 2016)."},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120708145922500_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089203400407","article-title":"Refining the test phase of usability evaluation: how many subjects is enough?","volume":"34","year":"1992","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"issue":"199","key":"key2020120708145922500_ref019","first-page":"78","article-title":"On user behavior in interactive cross language information retrieval","volume":"38","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Library Science in China"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120708145922500_ref020","first-page":"21","article-title":"Experiment and evaluation of user relevance feedback in multilingual information access","volume":"55","year":"2011","journal-title":"Library and Information Service"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120708145922500_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1108\/02640471211221322","article-title":"Multilingual needs and expectations in digital libraries","volume":"30","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Electronic Library"}],"container-title":["The Electronic Library"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/EL-01-2016-0004\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/EL-01-2016-0004\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T01:06:27Z","timestamp":1753405587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/el\/article\/35\/3\/410-426\/27151"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/EL-01-2016-0004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/el-01-2016-0004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0264-0473"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0264-0473","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]]}}}