{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T16:48:33Z","timestamp":1770914913455,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,14]],"date-time":"2018-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526256000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EL"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The purpose of this study is to identify barriers that are hindering digitization initiatives in university libraries of Pakistan.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study opted a mixed-methods research design based on quantitative (QUAN) and qualitative (QUAL) strands by using a survey research method. The subjects of the study were central libraries of the universities (both public and private sector) of Pakistan. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used for QUAN data collection in the QUAN strand. In the QUAL phase, in-depth interviews of purposely selected 25 library experts from different parts of the country were conducted.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Meta-inferences were drawn from the findings of both QUAN and QUAL strands. Both of the research designs provided the requisite data to answer research questions of the study. The finding revealed the barriers which were hindering the digitization activities in university libraries of Pakistan.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The findings of the study are helpful for funding bodies, university libraries and university administration. The findings are also helpful for other developing countries with similar economic and\/or social landscapes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/el-01-2017-0012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,14]],"date-time":"2018-05-14T09:30:14Z","timestamp":1526290214000},"page":"457-470","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Barriers to digitization in university libraries of Pakistan: a developing country\u2019s perspective"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Rafiq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kanwal","family":"Ameen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Munazza","family":"Jabeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3\/4","key":"key2021041413223582600_ref001","first-page":"228","article-title":"Digitization of past question papers, dissertations and theses: a case study of 30 Nigerian university libraries","volume":"39","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Information & Library Review"},{"key":"key2021041413223582600_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59904-879-6.ch050","article-title":"Development of digital libraries in Pakistan","volume-title":"Handbook of Research on Digital Libraries: Design, Development, and Impact","year":"2009"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041413223582600_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/10572317.2004.10762633","article-title":"Advances in digital library initiatives: a developing country perspective","volume":"36","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Information & Library Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041413223582600_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/0961000606063893","article-title":"Digitized content in the UK research library and archives sector","volume":"38","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Librarianship & Information Science"},{"key":"key2021041413223582600_ref005","first-page":"209","article-title":"Advanced mixed methods research design","volume-title":"Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research","year":"2003"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041413223582600_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/01930820902784770","article-title":"Possible futures for the research library in the 21st century","volume":"49","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Library Administration"},{"key":"key2021041413223582600_ref007","first-page":"332","article-title":"Towards a guide for novice researchers on research methodology: review and proposed methods","volume":"6","year":"2009","journal-title":"Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology"},{"issue":"101","key":"key2021041413223582600_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.29173\/lirg65","article-title":"A destination or a place of last resort? 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(2011), \u201cTowards digitization: problems and prospects for the libraries of Bangladesh\u201d, Paper Presented at the World Congress of Muslim Librarians and Information Scientists (WCOMLIS \u201811), Selayang, available at: http:\/\/eprints.rclis.org\/18536\/ (accessed X X 2013)."},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041413223582600_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1108\/02640470910966943","article-title":"Digitization of Nigerian university libraries: from technology challenge to effective information delivery","volume":"27","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Electronic Library"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041413223582600_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/10572317.2006.10762717","article-title":"Digital libraries initiatives in India","volume":"38","year":"2006","journal-title":"The International Information & Library Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021041413223582600_ref018","first-page":"28","article-title":"Digitization: Is it worth it?","volume":"21","year":"2001","journal-title":"Computers in Libraries"},{"key":"key2021041413223582600_ref019","volume-title":"Practical Research: Planning and Design","year":"2005","edition":"8th ed."},{"issue":"8\/9","key":"key2021041413223582600_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1108\/01435120510631729","article-title":"Library fundraising in Pakistan","volume":"26","year":"2005","journal-title":"Library Management"},{"key":"key2021041413223582600_ref021","article-title":"Digitization and sustainability of local collection: an observation of digitization activities among universities libraries","volume-title":"World Library and Information Congress: 71th IFLA General Conference and Council \u201cLibraries \u2013 A Voyage of Discovery","year":"2005"},{"key":"key2021041413223582600_ref022","volume-title":"Pakistan Economic Survey 2012-2013","author":"Ministry of Finance","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041413223582600_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/10572317.2012.10762922","article-title":"Use of digital media and demand for digitized contents in higher education sector of Pakistan","volume":"44","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Information & Library Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041413223582600_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1108\/10650751311294546","article-title":"Digitization in university libraries of Pakistan","volume":"29","year":"2013","journal-title":"OCLC Systems & Services: International Digital Library Perspectives"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041413223582600_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1108\/02640470410541688","article-title":"Levels of information technology (IT) applications in Muslim world libraries","volume":"22","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Electronic Library"},{"key":"key2021041413223582600_ref026","unstructured":"Sheikh, S. 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