{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T18:15:18Z","timestamp":1754158518459,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EL"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In the era of social media, users all over the world annotate books with social tags to express their preferences and interests. The purpose of this paper is to explore different tagging behaviours by analysing the book tags in different languages.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This investigation collected nearly 56,000 tags of 1,200 books from one Chinese and two English online bookmarking systems; it combined content analysis and machine-processing methods to evaluate the similarities and differences between different tagging systems from a cross-lingual perspective. Jaccard\u2019s coefficient was adopted to evaluate the similarity level.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results show that the similarity between mono-lingual tags of the same books is higher than that of cross-lingual tags in different systems and the similarity between tags of books written for specialties is higher than that of books written for the general public.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Those who have more in common annotate books with more similar tags. The similarity between users in tagging systems determines the similarity of the tag sets.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results and conclusion of this study will benefit users\u2019 cross-lingual information retrieval and cross-lingual book recommendation for online bookmarking systems.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study may be one of the first to compare cross-lingual tags. Its methodology can be applied to tag comparison between any two languages. The insights of this study will help develop cross-lingual tagging systems and improve information retrieval.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/el-03-2015-0042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]],"date-time":"2016-08-02T04:31:46Z","timestamp":1470112306000},"page":"666-682","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparative analysis of book tags: a cross-lingual perspective"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengzhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daqing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"first-page":"971","article-title":"Why we tag: motivations for annotation in mobile and online media","year":"2007","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref001"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Book tagging on LibraryThing: how, why, and what are in the tags?","volume":"46","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"first-page":"27","article-title":"Tag data and personalized information retrieval","year":"2008","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref003"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1504\/IJMSO.2010.035551","article-title":"Relating folksonomies with Dublin Core","volume":"5","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1108\/OIR-05-2012-0086","article-title":"An analysis of users\u2019 behaviour patterns in the organisation of information: a case study of CiteULike","volume":"37","year":"2013","journal-title":"Online Information Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref006","first-page":"14","article-title":"Analyzing user behaviour across social sharing environments","volume":"5","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.5860\/lrts.55n4.221","article-title":"Exploring user-contributed metadata\u2019s potential to enhance access to literary works","volume":"55","year":"2011","journal-title":"Library Resources & Technical Services"},{"key":"key2020121320384588500_ref008","unstructured":"Eleta, I. (2011), \u201cArt images and multilingual social tagging: a museum without borders\u201d, available at: http:\/\/drum.lib.umd.edu\/bitstream\/1903\/11395\/1\/LAMP-TR-156.pdf (accessed 12 May 2015)."},{"first-page":"695","article-title":"A study of multilingual social tagging of art images: cultural bridges and diversity","year":"2012","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref009"},{"first-page":"582","article-title":"Cross-lingual information retrieval as a side effect of tagging","year":"2010","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref010"},{"first-page":"96","article-title":"Analysing the factors that influence tag choice based on semiotic analysis and activity theory","year":"2012","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref011"},{"first-page":"351","article-title":"Evaluating tagging behaviour in social bookmarking systems: metrics and design heuristics","year":"2007","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref012"},{"first-page":"376","article-title":"A quantitative analysis of collaborative tags: evaluation for information retrieval \u2013 a preliminary study","year":"2007","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref013"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21522","article-title":"An experimental study of social tagging behaviour and image content","volume":"62","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551506062337","article-title":"Usage patterns of collaborative tagging systems","volume":"32","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Information Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1108\/JD-05-2013-0056","article-title":"Enhancing social tagging with automated keywords from the dewey decimal classification","volume":"70","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"key":"key2020121320384588500_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2011.09.001","article-title":"Challenges for the multilingual web of data","volume":"11","year":"2012","journal-title":"Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web"},{"key":"key2020121320384588500_ref018","unstructured":"Guerra, R. and LaPlante, R. (2011), \u201cArt images online: leveraging social tagging and language for browsing\u201d, available at: www.umiacs.umd.edu\/research\/t3\/documents\/UMd-T3-CNI-December-2011.pdf (accessed 12 May 2015)."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1145\/1882471.1882480","article-title":"Survey on social tagging techniques","volume":"12","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref020","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tagging tagging: analysing user keywords in scientific bibliography management systems","volume":"9","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Digital Information"},{"key":"key2020121320384588500_ref021","first-page":"39","article-title":"Matching multilingual tags based on community of lingual practice from multiple folksonomy: a preliminary result","volume-title":"Trends in Applied Intelligent Systems","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxr102","article-title":"Discovering community of lingual practice for matching multilingual tags from folksonomies","volume":"55","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Computer Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lisr.2010.04.001","article-title":"Exploitation of folksonomies in subject analysis","volume":"32","year":"2010","journal-title":"Library & Information Science Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-012-0718-5","article-title":"Structure and pattern of social tags for keyword selection behaviours","volume":"92","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref025","first-page":"1","article-title":"Patterns and inconsistencies in collaborative tagging systems: an examination of tagging practices","volume":"43","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"key2020121320384588500_ref026","unstructured":"Klavans, J.L., Guerra, R., LaPlante, R., Stein, R. and Bachta, E. (2011), \u201cTaming social tags: computational linguistic analysis of tags for images in museums\u201d, available at: http:\/\/drum.lib.umd.edu\/bitstream\/1903\/11394\/1\/LAMP-TR-155.pdf (accessed 12 May 2015)."},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acalib.2009.08.020","article-title":"Mining social tagging data for enhanced subject access for readers and researchers","volume":"35","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Academic Librarianship"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.22653","article-title":"Social tagging is no substitute for controlled indexing: a comparison of medical subject headings and cite U like tags assigned to 231,388 papers","volume":"63","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"first-page":"180","article-title":"Learning tag relevance by neighbor voting for social image retrieval","year":"2008","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref029"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551512459826","article-title":"Examining social tagging behaviour and the construction of an online folk sonomy from the perspectives of cultural capital and social capital","volume":"38","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Information Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551510386173","article-title":"User tags versus expert-assigned subject terms: a comparison of Library Thing tags and library of congress subject headings","volume":"36","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Information Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1108\/10650751211236659","article-title":"Comparing user-generated and librarian-generated metadata on digital images","volume":"28","year":"2012","journal-title":"OCLC Systems & Services"},{"volume-title":"Folksonomies: Indexing and Retrieval in Web 2.0","year":"2009","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref033"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.5860\/lrts.53n3.174","article-title":"User tags versus subject headings","volume":"53","year":"2009","journal-title":"Library Resources & Technical Services"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21401","article-title":"A comparative study of Flickr tags and index terms in a general image collection","volume":"61","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref036","first-page":"1","article-title":"Users\u2019 seeking behaviour and multilingual image tags","volume":"47","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"first-page":"183","article-title":"Individual and social behaviour in tagging systems","year":"2009","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref037"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref038","first-page":"13","article-title":"The structure and form of folksonomy tags: the road to the public library catalog","volume":"26","year":"2013","journal-title":"Information Technology and Libraries"},{"first-page":"421","article-title":"Is tagging multilingual? A case study with BibSonomy","year":"2011","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref039"},{"first-page":"339","article-title":"Why do users tag? Detecting users\u2019 motivation for tagging in social tagging systems","year":"2010","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref040"},{"key":"key2020121320384588500_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2012.09.003","article-title":"Understanding why users tag: a survey of tagging motivation literature and results from an empirical study","volume":"17","year":"2012","journal-title":"Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref042","first-page":"1","article-title":"Social tagging and the next steps for indexing","volume":"17","year":"2006","journal-title":"Advances in Classification Research Online"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1108\/07378830910988540","article-title":"To tag or not to tag?","volume":"27","year":"2009","journal-title":"Library Hi Tech"},{"key":"key2020121320384588500_ref044","first-page":"6","article-title":"Analysis of user behaviour on multilingual tagging of learning resources","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Social Information Retrieval for Technology-Enhanced Learning & Exchange"},{"first-page":"1","article-title":"Study on user behaviour and social tagging","year":"2013","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref045"},{"key":"key2020121320384588500_ref046","first-page":"26","article-title":"Analyzing social bookmarking systems: a del.icio.us cookbook","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ECAI 2008 Mining Social Data Workshop","year":"2008"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551512451808","article-title":"Comparing social tags with subject headings on annotating books: a study comparing the information science domain in English and Chinese","volume":"39","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Information Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020121320384588500_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1108\/00220410910998906","article-title":"Linking folksonomy to Library of Congress subject headings: an exploratory study","volume":"65","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"}],"container-title":["The Electronic Library"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/EL-03-2015-0042","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/EL-03-2015-0042\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/EL-03-2015-0042\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T01:06:53Z","timestamp":1753405613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/el\/article\/34\/4\/666-682\/91126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/EL-03-2015-0042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/el-03-2015-0042","relation":{},"ISSN":["0264-0473"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0264-0473"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]]}}}