{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T18:15:35Z","timestamp":1754158535947,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EL"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In the digital transformation race, the older generation, called digital immigrants (generation X), encounter various obstacles. This study aims to investigate the e-reading adoption and cross-cultural differences among generation X.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study collected survey-based data from generation X e-readers in Iraq and Pakistan (Pakistan, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 235; Iraq, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 251). Structural equation modeling and multigroup analysis (MGA) were used to arrive at a statistical decision regarding the hypotheses and the study\u2019s primary objectives.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Three hypotheses (<jats:italic>H2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>H3<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>H8<\/jats:italic>) were supported by both data sets. However, there is positive variance based on MGA for two hypotheses (<jats:italic>H1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>H3<\/jats:italic>) where the Pakistani sample\u2019s path coefficients are greater than the Iraqi sample\u2019s path coefficients. In contrast, there is negative variance based on MGA for two hypotheses (<jats:italic>H7<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>H9<\/jats:italic>) where the Iraqi sample\u2019s path coefficients are greater than the Pakistani sample\u2019s path coefficients. Finally, these distinctions are examined, along with a few potential research topics<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Although there is a plethora of literature on digital immigrants and technology adoption in general, and specifically on e-reading uptake. Research on e-reading adoption in a global learning context is still lacking. Therefore, this study examines the e-reading behavior of digital immigrants from two developing countries (Iraq and Pakistan) and identifies significant cross-cultural differences in e-reading adoption.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/el-09-2022-0217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T01:13:01Z","timestamp":1682989981000},"page":"349-366","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Digital immigrants\u2019 attitudes toward e-reading in Iraq and Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Saira Hanif","family":"Soroya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liqaa Habeb","family":"Al-Obaydi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohsin Abdur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2023072005322988800_ref001","first-page":"438","article-title":"The theory of planned behavior","volume-title":"Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology","year":"2012"},{"key":"key2023072005322988800_ref002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Frontline healthcare providers\u2019 behavioural intention to internet of Things (IoT)-enabled healthcare applications: a gender-based, cross-generational study","volume":"174","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023072005322988800_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1108\/JARHE-04-2020-0103","article-title":"Integration of e-learning technologies for interactive teaching and learning process: an empirical study on higher education institutes of Pakistan","volume":"13","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023072005322988800_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124187016001004","article-title":"Practical issues in structural modeling","volume":"16","year":"1987","journal-title":"Sociological Methods and Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023072005322988800_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/000494411105500206","article-title":"Digital natives? 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