{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T01:31:01Z","timestamp":1773797461101,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,1]],"date-time":"2001-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1001894400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Since a firm\u2019s management performance can be evaluated in terms of financial ratios, efficient management using financial factors is proposed as the key element for upgrading a firm\u2019s productivity. Investigates productivity in terms of certain financial factors of large\u2010scale manufacturing firms in Taiwan. First determines several influential financial factors using factor analysis. Based on these factors, employs fuzzy clustering approaches to categorize the manufacturing firms into several patterns with distinct characteristics of financial factors. Using the characteristics of productivity and financial factors for each pattern, makes two kinds of analysis, and proposes some suggestions to improve the firms\u2019 productivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1108\/eum0000000005826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,18]],"date-time":"2002-11-18T16:40:30Z","timestamp":1037637630000},"page":"378-384","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Using financial factors to investigate productivity: an empirical study in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Liang\u2010Hsuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shu\u2010Yi","family":"Liaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yeong","family":"Shin Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezdek, J.C. (1981), Pattern Recognition with Fuzzy Objective Function Algorithm, Plenum Press, New York, NY.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0450-1"},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L.H., Kao, C., Kuo, S., Wang, T.Y. and Jang, Y.C. (1996), \u201cProductivity diagnosis via fuzzy clustering and classification: an application to machinery industry\u201d, Omega, International Journal of Management Science, Vol. 24 No. 3, pp. 309\u201019.","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0483(96)00002-3"},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B3","unstructured":"Craig, C.E. and Harris, R.C. (1973), \u201cTotal productivity measurement at the firm level\u201d, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 14, pp. 13\u201029."},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esogbue, A.O. and Elder, R.C. (1979), \u201cFuzzy set and the modelling of physician decision processes, part I: the initial interview\u2010information gathering session\u201d, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 2, pp. 279\u201091.","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0114(79)90002-2"},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esogbue, A.O. and Elder, R.C. (1980), \u201cFuzzy set and the modelling of physician decision processes, part II: fuzzy diagnosis models\u201d, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 3, pp. 279\u201091.","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0114(79)90002-2"},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esogbue, A.O. and Elder, R.C. (1989), \u201cMeasurement and valuation of a fuzzy mathematical model for medical diagnosis\u201d, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 10, pp. 223\u201042.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0114(83)80117-1"},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gath, I. and Geva, A.B. (1989), \u201cUnsupervised optimal fuzzy clustering\u201d, IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 11 No. 7, pp. 773\u201081.","DOI":"10.1109\/34.192473"},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, T. and Dubuisson, B. (1990), \u201cSimilarity of classes and fuzzy clustering\u201d, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 34, pp. 213\u201021.","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0114(90)90160-8"},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaiser, H.F. (1958), \u201cThe varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analysis\u201d, Psychometrika, Vol. 23, pp. 187\u2010200.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289233"},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B10","unstructured":"Kendrick, J.W. and Creamer, D. (1965), \u201cMeasuring company productivity: handbook with case studies\u201d, Studies in Business Economics, No. 89 National Industrial Conference Board, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khouja, M. and Booth, D.E. (1995), \u201cFuzzy clustering procedure for evaluation and selection of industrial robots\u201d, Journal of Manufacturing Systems, Vol. 14 No. 4, pp. 244\u201025.","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6125(95)98877-9"},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B12","unstructured":"Klir, G.J. and Folger, T.A. (1992), Fuzzy Sets, Uncertainty, and Information, Prentice\u2010Hall, New York, NY\/London\/Toronto\/Sydney\/Tokyo\/Singapore."},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liberman, M.B., Lau, L.J. and Williams, M.D. (1990), \u201cFirm\u2010level productivity and management influence: a comparison of US and Japanese automobile procedures\u201d, Management Science, Vol. 36 No. 10,  pp. 1193\u20101215.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.36.10.1193"},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B14","unstructured":"Mundel, M.E. (1976), \u201cMeasure of productivity\u201d, Industrial Engineering, May, pp. 24\u20106."},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B15","unstructured":"Pal, S.K. and Majumder, D.K.D. (1986), Fuzzy Mathematical Approach Pattern Recognition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roubens, M. (1982), \u201cFuzzy clustering algorithm and their clustering validity\u201d, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 10,  pp. 294\u2010301.","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(82)90228-4"},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, N. (1993), \u201cDesign of cellular manufacturing systems: an invited review\u201d, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 69, pp. 284\u201091.","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(93)90016-G"},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sudit, E.F. (1995), \u201cProductivity measurement in industrial operations\u201d, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 85, pp. 435\u201053.","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(94)00312-Z"},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B19","unstructured":"Sumanth, D.J. (1984), Productivity Engineering and Management, McGraw\u2010Hill, Maidenhead."},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sumanth, D.J. and Dedeoglu, M. (1987), \u201cApplication of expert systems to productivity measurement in companies\/organizations\u201d, Computer and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 13, Nos 1\u20104, pp. 21\u20105.","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-8352(87)90043-X"},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B21","unstructured":"Taylor, B.W. III. and Davis, K.R. (1977), \u201cCorporate productivity \u2013 getting it all together\u201d, Industrial Engineering, Vol. 9  No. 3, pp. 32\u20106."},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss, L. (1999), \u201cState power and the Asian crisis\u201d, New Political Economy, Vol. 4 Issue 3, pp. 317\u201042.","DOI":"10.1080\/13563469908406407"},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Windham, M.P. (1981), \u201cClustering validity for fuzzy clustering algorithm\u201d, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 5, pp. 177\u201085.","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0114(81)90015-4"},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, X.L. and Beni, G. (1991) \u201cA validity measure for fuzzy clustering\u201d, IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 13 No. 8, pp. 841\u20107.","DOI":"10.1109\/34.85677"},{"key":"key2022031619495016900_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmermann, H.J. (1991), Fuzzy Set Theory \u2013 and its Applications, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA\/Dordrecht\/London.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-7949-0"}],"container-title":["Industrial Management &amp; Data Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/EUM0000000005826","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/EUM0000000005826\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/EUM0000000005826\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:49:06Z","timestamp":1753404546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/imds\/article\/101\/7\/378-384\/184359"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/EUM0000000005826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/eum0000000005826","relation":{},"ISSN":["0263-5577"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0263-5577","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,1]]}}}