{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T18:12:24Z","timestamp":1754158344563,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,1]],"date-time":"2001-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1007164800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>While the evolving high bandwidth information highways provide the infrastructure for attaining \u201cphysical connectivity\u201d across computing resources and information systems, the \u201con\/off\u201d ramps to such highways are still at a primitive stage. Huge manual effort is currently expended to develop knowledge\u2010based paradigms that can effectively transcend national borders as well as other types of borders. This paper examines the prevailing situation from four perspectives: knowledge acquisition; knowledge discovery; knowledge management; and  knowledge dissemination. Unlike current approaches that tend to focus on one aspect only, an integrated approach that attaches appropriate weightage to each of the four facets is emphasized in this paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1108\/eum0000000006531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,6]],"date-time":"2003-01-06T22:39:37Z","timestamp":1041892777000},"page":"291-299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A four\u2010faceted knowledge\u2010based approach to surmounting borders"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Amar","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022021920471203800_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal, A., Hussein, K., Wang, P. and Gupta, A. 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(1994), \u201cContext interchange: a lattice based approach\u201d, Knowledge\u2010based Systems, Butterworth\u2010Heinemann, Oxford."},{"key":"key2022021920471203800_B15","unstructured":"Reddy, M.P., Siegel, M. and Gupta, A. (1993), \u201cTowards an active schema integration architecture for heterogeneous database systems\u201d, Proceedings of International Conference on Research Issues on Data Engineering: Interoperability in Multidatabase Systems, Vienna."},{"key":"key2022021920471203800_B16","unstructured":"Reddy, M.P., Uma, B. and Gupta, A. (1998), \u201cQuery optimization in heterogeneous distributed information environment\u201d, Heuristics: The Journal of Intelligent Technologies, Vol. 10 No. 2, pp. 67\u201090."},{"key":"key2022021920471203800_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy, M.P., Prasad, B.E., Reddy, P.G. and Gupta, A. 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