{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T18:30:49Z","timestamp":1773685849422,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607558400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["GS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study examines the potential of contracts as one of the supply chain coordination mechanisms under competitive conditions. It also investigates a two-echelon supply chain model with two manufacturers and two retailers to develop a competitive structure in grey stochastic demand.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>Supply chain demand is considered as a stochastic phenomenon depending on the selling price of the product. Also, products can be replaced by market manufacturers. Each retailer faces the pricing of products from two manufacturers, leading to competition between downstream retailers. In the present study, the duopoly supply chain model was presented based on the wholesale price contract, revenue-sharing contract and quantity discount contract separately.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Grey optimization and analysis of their coordination were presented. The results showed the high performance of revenue-sharing contracts in the supply chain. Thus, manufacturers will give the next priority to quantity discount contracts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ordering is the main factor contributing to competitive decision-making. Meanwhile, decision-making along with ordering and pricing will be required due to the nature of the demand.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/gs-04-2020-0056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T06:59:32Z","timestamp":1607583572000},"page":"681-706","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Coordination and competition in two-echelon supply chain using grey revenue-sharing contracts"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3923-1124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayad","family":"Hendalianpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Hamzehlou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Feylizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Naiming","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammad Hossein","family":"Shakerizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2021101806272328700_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.03.029","article-title":"Pricing, collection, and effort decisions with coordination contracts in a fuzzy, three-level closed-loop supply chain","volume":"104","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"key2021101806272328700_ref002","article-title":"Profit maximization in 5G+ networks with heterogeneous aerial and ground base stations","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021101806272328700_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1177\/0954405411424001","article-title":"Time, cost, and quality trade-offs in material requirements planning using fuzzy multi-objective programming","volume":"226","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers - Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture"},{"key":"key2021101806272328700_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2019.01.010","article-title":"Channel coordination using options contract under simultaneous price and inventory competition","volume":"123","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"key":"key2021101806272328700_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2016.07.007","article-title":"Cooperative advertising and pricing in a manufacturer-retailer supply chain with a general demand function; A game-theoretic approach","volume":"99","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers and Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"key2021101806272328700_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2015.04.010","article-title":"Coordination and competition in a common retailer channel: wholesale price versus revenue-sharing mechanisms","volume":"166","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021101806272328700_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2016.1204475","article-title":"Pricing and effort decisions for a supply chain with uncertain information","volume":"55","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021101806272328700_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1108\/gs-05-2019-0014","article-title":"A comparative analysis of grey ranking approaches","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Grey Systems: Theory and Application"},{"key":"key2021101806272328700_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Z., Liu, S., Shi, H. and Lin, Y. 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