{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T19:28:06Z","timestamp":1781119686328,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This paper focuses on forecasting greenhouse gas emissions as a critical appraisal tool for global warming, climate change, environmental policy and economic planning. There is a need to forecast greenhouse gas emissions for developing effective environmental policies. Therefore, this paper proposes a robust grey prediction model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A novel q-GM (1,1) modeling approach provides prediction of greenhouse gas emissions in T\u00fcrkiye using the 1990\u20132022 data set. First, we partition this data set for training (1990\u20132018) and test (2019\u20132022) purposes. The performance evaluation of the novel q-GM (1,1) is applied to mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), and posterior variance test C and p values. We provide sensitivity analysis with different q-values and data partitions. The performance of the proposed grey model provides robust results in the standard GM (1,1) and discrete grey model (DGM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed q- GM (1,1) model has satisfactory results from the training dataset covering 1990\u20132018 and the testing dataset covering 2019\u20132022 based on MAPE, RMSE, C and p values, respectively. We present the forecasted values from 2023 to 2030. These results show that the greenhouse gas emissions will rise in next eight years in T\u00fcrkiye. Environmental policies should be evaluated by these values.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study proposes a novel q-GM (1,1) model for predicted values of greenhouse gas emissions in T\u00fcrkiye.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/gs-04-2025-0039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T03:48:02Z","timestamp":1758167282000},"page":"860-880","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A novel q-GM (1,1) modeling with\u00a0application to greenhouse\u00a0gas emissions"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7701-6946","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mehmet","family":"Kocabiyik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University , ,","place":["Burdur, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9597-1576","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammet Burak","family":"K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Administration, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University , ,","place":["Burdur, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7240-8687","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"H\u00fcseyin","family":"Tuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University , ,","place":["Burdur, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2025103102414142100_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1108\/gs-01-2019-0001","article-title":"Evaluation of healthcare service quality factors using grey relational analysis in a dialysis center","volume":"9","author":"Aydemir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Grey Systems: Theory and Application"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025103102414142100_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1108\/gs-08-2017-0031","article-title":"Energy-related CO2 emission forecast for Turkey and Europe and Eurasia: a discrete grey model approach","volume":"7","author":"Ayvaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Grey Systems: Theory and Application"},{"key":"2025103102414142100_ref003","article-title":"An introduction to q-difference equations","author":"Bangerezako","year":"2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025103102414142100_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.17093\/alphanumeric.1447211","article-title":"China total energy consumption forecast with optimized continuous conformable fractional grey model","volume":"12","author":"Bilgil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alphanumeric Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025103102414142100_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1108\/gs-09-2023-0084","article-title":"Assembly line balancing and capacity evaluation based on interval grey processing time","volume":"14","author":"Dang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Grey Systems: Theory and Application"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025103102414142100_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167-6911(82)80025-x","article-title":"Control problems of grey systems","volume":"1","author":"Deng","year":"1982","journal-title":"Systems and Control Letters"},{"key":"2025103102414142100_ref007","volume-title":"Basic Methods of Grey Systems","author":"Deng","year":"1996","edition":"4th ed."},{"key":"2025103102414142100_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2023.106685","article-title":"Forecasting Chinese provincial CO2 emissions: a universal and robust new-information-based grey model","volume":"121","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Economics"},{"key":"2025103102414142100_ref009","volume-title":"U. 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