{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T08:16:37Z","timestamp":1775722597003,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]],"date-time":"2014-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406592000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel approach to improve prediction accuracy of grey power models including <jats:italic>GM<\/jats:italic>(1, 1) and grey Verhulst model. <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 The modified new models are proposed by optimizing the initial condition and model parameters. The new initial condition consists of the first item and the last item of a sequence generated by applying the first-order accumulative generation operator on the sequence of raw data. <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 It is shown that the newly modified grey power model is an extension of the previous optimized <jats:italic>GM<\/jats:italic>(1, 1) and grey Verhulst model. And the optimized initial condition reflected the principle of new information priority. <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 The result of a numerical example indicates that the modified grey model presented in this paper with better prediction performance. <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 The new initial condition are derived by weighted combination of the first item and the last item. The coefficients of weight obtained by the least square method.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/gs-06-2014-0020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]],"date-time":"2014-07-29T14:20:26Z","timestamp":1406643626000},"page":"370-382","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Grey power models based on optimization of initial condition and model parameters"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Yunchol","family":"Jong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sifeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020123023274849200_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dang, Y.\n               , \n                  Liu, S.\n                and \n                  Chen, K.\n                (2004), \u201cThe GM models that x(n) be taken as initial value\u201d, Kybernetes, Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 247-254.","DOI":"10.1108\/03684920410514175"},{"key":"key2020123023274849200_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, J.\n                (1982), \u201cControl problems of grey systems\u201d, Systems Control and Letters, Vol. 1 No. 5, pp. 288-294.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6911(82)80025-X"},{"key":"key2020123023274849200_b3","unstructured":"Deng, J.\n                (2002), Elements on Grey System Theory, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press, Wuhan."},{"key":"key2020123023274849200_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, L.\n                and \n                  Wang, C.\n                (2007), \u201cForecasting the output of integrated circuit industry using a grey model improved by the Bayesian analysis\u201d, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 74 No. 6, pp. 843-853.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2006.02.005"},{"key":"key2020123023274849200_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G.\n               , \n                  Yamaguchi, D.\n                and \n                  Nagai, M.\n                (2007), \u201cA GM(1, 1)-Markov chain combined model with an application to predict the number of Chinese international airlines\u201d, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 74 No. 9, pp 1465-1481.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2006.07.010"},{"key":"key2020123023274849200_b6","unstructured":"Liu, S.\n                and \n                  Lin, Y.\n                (2006), Grey Information Theory and Practical Applications, Springer-Verlag, London."},{"key":"key2020123023274849200_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, M.\n                and \n                  Chirwa, E.C.\n                (2006), \u201cApplication of grey model GM(1, 1) to vehicle fatality risk estimation\u201d, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 73 No. 10, pp. 588-605.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2004.08.004"},{"key":"key2020123023274849200_b9","unstructured":"Mu, Y.\n                (2002), \u201cGM(1, 1) with white exponential law coincidence property\u201d, Mathematical Practice and Theory, Vol. 32 No. 1, pp. 15-19."},{"key":"key2020123023274849200_b10","unstructured":"Mu, Y.\n                (2003a), \u201cAn unbiased GM(1, 1) model with optimum grey derivative's whitening values\u201d, Mathematical Practice Theory, Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 13-16."},{"key":"key2020123023274849200_b11","unstructured":"Mu, Y.\n                (2003b), \u201cA direct modeling method of the unbiased GM(1, 1)\u201d, Systems Engineering and Electronics, Vol. 25 No. 9, pp. 1094-1095."},{"key":"key2020123023274849200_b12","unstructured":"Tan, G.\n                (2000), \u201cThe structure method and application of background value in grey system GM(1, 1) model (I)\u201d, System Engineering and Theory Practice, Vol. 20 No. 4, pp. 98-103."},{"key":"key2020123023274849200_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.\n               , \n                  Chen, Z.\n               , \n                  Gao, Z.\n                and \n                  Chen, M.\n                (2004), \u201cA generalization of the GM(1, 1) direct modeling method with a step by step optimizing grey derivative's whiten values and its applications\u201d, Kybernetes, Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 382-389.","DOI":"10.1108\/03684920410514391"},{"key":"key2020123023274849200_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.\n               , \n                  Dang, Y.\n               , \n                  Li, Y.\n                and \n                  Liu, S.\n                (2010), \u201cAn approach to increase prediction precision of GM(1, 1) model based on optimization of the initial condition\u201d, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 37 No. 1, pp 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Mi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/GS-06-2014-0020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/gs-06-2014-0020","relation":{},"ISSN":["2043-9377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2043-9377","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]]}}}